Roles in ESL Education :: essays research papers

Article Review Discourse and Real-Life Roles in the ESL Classroom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suggestions have been made (DiPietro, as cited in DiPietro J. R., 1981) as to how the ESL/EFL teacher can provide diverse learner personalities with strategically oriented material. Students get the chance to practice discourses in classroom settings but not always in the same way that the learners will use in real-life interactions. This article proposes a categorization for different roles of English learners in the classroom. The author established three types of roles: social, emotive, and maturational. He believes that through a multidimensional model of dialogue, some exercises can be developed and implemented in the classroom to lead these second language learners to role play in simulated natural setting while acquiring knowledge of the grammatical structure of English.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author points out three main ways to incorporate role-playing in the classroom; social, emotive, and maturational. What he means by this is that as English learners children must also learn the many different roles they will come across once they are ‘mainstreamed’. A social role for example would be that of vendor/customer, employer/employee, or taxi driver/customer, just to name a few. An example of an emotive role would be that of a friend or rival, a role that could potentially be sensitive or touchy. Finally, maturational would define those roles that we learn as we grow up or mature. Some examples of maturational roles are mother/daughter, adult/adult, or child/child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s main point is that â€Å"We teachers should provide our students with enough English (a) to recognize the role-intentions of others, and (b) either to complement those roles or to counter them with personally-desired ones†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many possible ways to incorporate these role-playing ideas into the classroom. One idea that came to mind would be to do what I call ‘ Script Mix Up’. The idea is to write up a type of script in social, emotive, or maturational style. Then mix what the characters are saying around on a sheet of paper that will be passed out to students. Have them come up to the board and write these in the correct order. This activity not only makes them have to interact with one another to come up with the right choice, but it will make students have to think about what is the right order of conversation in different situations. Another possible activity that the author states is interactional games.

Chocolate and Like Water for Chocolate Essay

In Chocolat, I learned that food has magical power that engages and connects people and brings them into good relations. Vianne and her daughter were not welcomed in a conservative and religious town at beginning, however her chocolate had magical power to melt those peoples’ cold attitude and they became drawn into her chocolate, even that stubborn pastor Reynaud who had strong hostile feeling against Vianne did so at the end. I liked the part that Reynaud couldn’t resist to break in her store and try all the chocolates before Easter Sunday. It is like one of my dreams. I roll in chocolates. I imagine myself in a field of chocolates, on a beach of chocolates, basking-rooting-gorging. I have no time to read the labels; I cram chocolates into my mouth at random† (Harris 312). I believe his attitude also influenced and changed town people since he is the symbol that his faithful people ought to believe in and follow in their town. I also enjoyed seeing the relationship between Vianne and Roux. With similar characteristics they both have, such as free minded, not religious like town people, move from a place to another and somewhat isolated from society, it is natural that they feel close each other. Especially, the night they spent together is one of my favorite parts, because it was described beautifully and romantically. â€Å"The garden was still warm in the glow of the braziers. The mock oranges and lilacs of Narcisse’s trellis blanketed us beneath their scent. We lay on the grass like children. We made no promises, spoke no words of love, though he was gentle, almost passionless, moving instead with a slow sweetness along my body, lapping my skin with fluttering of the tongue. [†¦] For the moment, simple wonder; at myself lying naked in the grass, at the silent man beside me, at the immensity above and the immensity within. We lay for a long time, Roux and I, until our sweat cooled and little insects ran across our bodies, and we smelled lavender and thyme from the flower bed at our feet as, holding hands, we watched the unbearable slow wheeling of the sky† (Harris 289-290). In Like Water for Chocolate, I learned the method of Magic Realism and enjoyed reading several themes which were described with Magic Realism. Magic Realism is an aesthetic style or genre of fiction in which magical elements blend with the real world. The story explains these magical elements as real occurrences, presented in a straightforward manner that places the â€Å"real† and the â€Å"fantastic† in the same stream of thought. I enjoyed reading this novel from very beginning with Tita’s dramatic birth in kitchen. Her tide of tears on her birth becomes lots of salt to be used for cooking later on. â€Å"Tita was literally washed into this world on a great tide of tears that spilled over the edge of the table and flooded across the kitchen floor† (Esquivel 6). â€Å"That afternoon, when the uproar had subsided and the water had been dried up by the sun, Nacha swept up the residue the tears had left on the red stone floor. There was enough salt to fill a ten-pound sack-it was used for cooking and lasted a long time† (Esquirel 6). I like this part because Tita not only has a big passion over cooking, but also she could produce an ingredient –salt by her own, which has an important role later on. I enjoyed reading the part that the wedding cake Tita made for her sister makes every single guest feels longing, intoxicated and frustrated at the wedding. Tita’s love over Pedro was so strong and her poison: tears in the cake made everyone become sick. â€Å"The moment they took their first bite of the cake, everyone was flooded with a great wave of longing. †¦] But the weeping was just the first symptom of a strange intoxication- an acute attack of pain and frustration- that seized the guests and scattered them across the patio and the grounds and in the bathrooms, all of them wailing over lost love† (Esquirel 39). Watching both films also helped me understanding and picturing each scene clearly. Now I am enjoying the third novel, The Edible Woman, because this novel is written in modern plot and describes women’s conflicted feeling in modern society through food and cooking.

How Fate and Free Will Play a Part in the Odyssey - 816 Words

How Fate and Free Will Play a Part in The Odyssey Fate and free will are epic subjects in life. When we cannot control something we blame it on fate, but we try to change the way things are with our free will. Fate is something unknown that determines what will happen. It may seem like a coincidence or may feel like an omen, but it is something no person controls for oneself. Fate, to some, may be in the hands of a higher power such as gods or God. For others fate is merely something that happened they were unable to control. Fate can be looked at like a book for every person. In it are all the events that are going to happen in your life. However you use free will to maneuver through these planned events. Free will is something†¦show more content†¦He tricks the Cyclops and stabs him in the eye with an olive tree,, and tells him that his name is Nohbdy. It was fate that brought him to Circe s island, but in this case it was quite a good thing. He used his knowledge to save his men from her magic, and cleverly had her swea r that he would not play any tricks. He is there for a couple of years and before leaving is told of the dangers awaiting him, and what he must do to make it home alive. He learns he must first go to the underworld and see Tiresias, who will give him instructions about returning home. Then Odysseus must get past the Sirens and Scylla. He follows Circe s instructions and puts beeswax in the mens ears and has them tie him to the mast, so they will not be lured to there deaths by the Sirens. However he does not follow her orders to flee from Scylla. Instead he wished to try fight. This is an example of him using his free will instead of choosing the fate that possibly Circe has already prepared. In this instance it turns out for the worst and he loses all his men. Fate is something we have no control over. It can be what determines the death of a child or marriage of a couple. Fate is very controversial. If everything that happens is planned ahead it contradicts many things, one being religion. If it was fate that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit then the original sin would not be the fault of man, but of God for he would be the one who made Adam and Eve do it. It is something no one canShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Fate In Greek Mythology1288 Words   |  6 Pagesbut in stories such as The Odyssey the gods play a prominent if not vital role to the central themes of the story. Fate has a place in the Greek world but is place is not the same as it is in other scenarios or worlds. It is important to understand the word before we discuss it. Fate as far as Greek mythology goes is not just fate, by most standards fate is described as things that occur for an unknown reason that no one has any control over. However, in Greek Mythology fate simply does not just happenRead MorePersonal Responsibility and the Gods’ Role in the Odyssey Essays1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe gods play an important part in Odysseus’ journey home, bringing him closer and farther from his homeland. They constantly intervene in the lives of the many characters in The Odyssey. Though Odysseus is a hero, the gods control his life. It is as if he were the main character in a video game and the gods are fighting over who controls his life. Personal responsibility is overshadowed by the gods’ eagerness to grab the controller. Homer disregards personal responsibility by showing how the godsRead MoreEssay about Homers The Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 PagesHomers The Odyssey The Odyssey is a companion to The Iliad, a story of the Trojan War. Both The Iliad and The Odyssey are epic poems written by Homer. In The Odyssey, Homer relates the misadventures of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, that occur during the decade following the defeat of Troy. In doing so, the fates of his fellow warriors are also made known. The Odyssey begins on Mount Olympus, in the palace of Zeus, king of the gods, where a discussion takes place regarding the woes of humans andRead MoreThe Classical Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King950 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Greece’s Golden Age introduced many excellent playwrights, all of whom contributed to the success of Greek Literature† (sites.google/ Playwrights of the Golden Age). Sophocles, the author of the classic tragedy, Oedipus the King, was one of the three best play writers during that time frame. Born in 495 B.C., Sophocles â€Å"lived for nearly ninety years through the most of the turbulent events of his country d uring the fifteenth century B.C.† (Charters and Charters). He was born in Colonus, not far from AthensRead More Destiny, Fate and Free Will in Homers Odyssey Essay2299 Words   |  10 Pages Destiny, Fate and Free Will in Homers Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   Fate seems to defy humanity at every turn.   A man may have his life planned out to the last second, but then some random force intervenes and he dies the second after he has completed his life plan.   Some believe in fate, believing that our lives are predetermined from the moment we are born.   Other people believe that everything is random, the result of some god rolling the dice in a universal poker game.   Still other people believe that eachRead MoreThe View Of Fate Over Free Will, And Vice Versa1599 Words   |  7 PagesArguments concerning the influence of Fate over Free Will, and vice versa, are not unique to our post-Enlighten mindset. Some of the greatest thinkers of all time, such as Aristotle or Plato, dealt directly with this issue in their numerous commentaries that we still look at today. Even within our Bibles we see Fate and Free Will actively playing roles within the famed stories and lives included in both the Old and New Testament. Itâ€℠¢s not surprising, then, when we see similar themes relating to theseRead MoreCharacteristics Of Odysseus1317 Words   |  6 Pagesinnocent people from villains and natural disasters. They have standout qualities that make them the heroes that they are. There could be people who come to mind that may not have these superpowers, but are still considered heroes. For example, in The Odyssey by Homer, the main character Odysseus has many valuable traits that cause him to be seen as a hero. Throughout his adventures and journeys of, Odysseus portrays many qualities of a hero. These qualities, such as his thoughtful cleverness, strengthRead More The Significance of ?Xenia? Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesskilled poets. One of the most famous ones at that time and famous even now is Homer. Nobody knows who he actually is but the works that he has created are far more than magnificent. The Odyssey and The Iliad are two poems that turned into myths, have actually been accepted as part of t he history of the Greeks. The Odyssey is a story about a hero from the Trojan War who struggles to get home to his family and when he finally does he faces the suitors who he fights and defeats with the help of the godsRead MoreThe Odyssey and O Brother, Where Art Thou: Two Relevant Pieces?1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Odyssey and O Brother, Where Art Thou: Two Relevant Pieces? Time has not become the conqueror for the classical epic poem The Odyssey. For the past 2,500 years it has been turning its pages for many people all around the world, classifying it as the Western literary tradition. Even in the 21st century The Odyssey is still depicting its prominence when the film O Brother, Where Art Thou was directed in 2000 by loosely portraying the epic. The Coen Brothers’ film O Brother, Where Art Thou mirrorsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 3033 Words   |  13 Pages Vivian Tse Brother Pearce FDCA 206 5 November 2014 The Odyssey The Odyssey is one of the earliest epics that exists but is still a highly revered and relevant piece of literature in modern culture. This classic survives because the entire tale of Odysseus’ adventure is symbolic of our human lives and experiences—it is life mythologized. Not only does The Odyssey highlight the heroic and triumphant side of the characters, but it also emphasizes the struggle between heroes’ ethos and their human failings

What Kind Of Social Norms Do Other Cultures Have Essay

The USA is a very diverse nation with many different groups of people, and that being said it is a wonder our nation is able to coexist despite many cultures being integrated within our population. Several things that came to mind while researching this topic were; ,â€Å"What kind of social norms do other cultures have?†, â€Å" How would I have turned out if I would have been born in that country with a different culture?†, and â€Å" What do people from a different context think about the way I communicate?†. We oftentimes disregard a very crucial entity that is essential to any civilization, and that is the way the populous communicates with each other. Foreigners oftentimes struggle to adapt living in a new country because they have to overcome many endeavors, and have to deal with the initial culture shock. Aside from learning a new language they have to learn certain social cues that were not used in their native countries, and most of the time they will h ave to learn the social cues on their own. Even if you learn the language prior to your arrival you will still find it difficult to have a conversation with a local. There are two distinct ways to communicate, and it is oftentimes influenced by the culture an individual is born in. There are cultures that are considered to be high context, and their counterparts would be those who grew up in cultures considered to be low context. An individual’s upbringing greatly influences how well they would be able to adapt to communicatingShow MoreRelatedSocial Norms around the World879 Words   |  3 PagesHow do people like to eat ramen? Do they like to eat with sounds or eating quietly? It means that ramen is delicious when people are eating it with sounds in Japan. While in china, eating food with sounds means rudeness. This interesting example shows that there are huge differences among kinds of social norms. In the film Witness, director Peter Weir explores the distinct and huge cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime andRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society1253 Words   |  6 PagesAll social phenomena, including economic institutions and social norms, emerge from the actions and interactions of individuals. The task of social sciences is to study how these two components can give rise to different social dynamics and social events. For a long time, social scientists have disagreed on which component plays a dominant role. The study of social norms can help us understand a wide variety of seemingly puzzling human behavior. As norm existence and compliance can be best understoodRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we have to abide. Social norms are rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable or appropriate within a culture. They are so embedded within our daily life that often we do not notice them. Becaus e norms are so ingrained within our society, deviation of social norms can lead to be ostracized or even arrested depending on the situation. Violating norms, like promoting hate message about poor people, in society can be explained through the functionalism theory. Norms are essentiallyRead MoreChimpanzees Exhibit Culture Through Social Interaction1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of culture to many individuals may be perceived as a combination of language, beliefs, norms, values and customs shared amongst individuals; passed along generations to be carried out within a society. In a society, individuals make up social groupings that form ideas, behaviors and materials objects that encompass what they define as culture. Culture is not only essential for survival, but for growth and communication; through interaction, observation and imitation our behavioral patternsRead MoreSexual Violence And Sex Violence960 Words   |  4 Pagesallow me to have a better understand how society views sexual violence and what is being done about it. Though, there are many laws and regulations, having an understanding of how a victim is viewed in a justice system and how our culture has influenced sexual violence. Central Research Questions/Problems In this research paper, I will be looking about how sexual violence is portrayed through the lenses of class and race. Knowing that these two factors place a role in many other social issues andRead MoreSimilarities Between Feminism And Feminism1014 Words   |  5 Pages 4. The similarities of conflict theory and feminist perspective. There are many similar and differences of these two theory’s. Conflict theory believes that the social behavior is best understood when looking at different groups and seeing the gaps of power and different resources like housing, money, and access to services. This theory since the 1960’s has seem to start taking over the functionalist perspective because of all the civil rights, decisions made in the Vietnam and the rise of feminismRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Its Effects On Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesagreement between one another in society there would be social chaos. For example if someone was to come up to you in the street and kiss you, you would be shocked and maybe scared. This is why society needs people to behave predictably so that we can contain some kind of social order. Socialisation is the passing on of culture from person to person. It is a process in which people turn in to members of a social culture by teaching them norms and values and language, knowledge and customs. There areRead MoreModifying Into Cultures : A Different Definition Of Success Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Modifying into Cultures Everybody has a different definition of success. Success can be interpreted into having happiness, having knowledge, and being financially stabled. Most people describe it as being patient and having a positive mindset. Malcolm Gladwell, author of Outliers, demonstrated how without the knowledge of other cultures, there are many things that people won’t consider questioning or realizing about it. He also showed how people need to adapt to a new culture in order to achieveRead More The Many Faces of Culture Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesDefining culture has been a debate among sociologists and anthropologists since the 19th century. Culture is vital for the perseverance of a society and has its own identity that distinguishes it from others. Culture is not rooted into a person from birth, but it is learned from wherever he or she is from. It acts in a subconscious manner in that when a culture differs, one society may find another society to be odd. Every society has a differ ent culture where the people share a specific languageRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society And Culture1629 Words   |  7 PagesHuman beings are social creatures and they learn to socialize with others so they can feel a part of society. Through socialization people try and conform to the standards that come with being functioning members of society and fitting to the status quo. Besides interacting with others, we learn about the culture we live in. Culture teaches people the norms, the values, and what to believe in. The last influence that associates both society and culture is the media. Media has made a huge impact

Reality and Illusion - 1812 Words

Postmodern literature draws attention to its status as fictional to break down barriers between reality and illusion. The boundaries between ‘real’ and ‘fake’ are no longer clear, because identity is socially constructed. In White Noise and Nights at the Circus, characters such as Sophie Fevvers and Jack Gladney have fabricated personas, and they exaggerate these roles so that their audiences cannot tell the difference between what the characters perform and their ‘true’ nature. There are many Matryoshka principles in Nights at the Circus, adding many layers of fiction to the story. This emphasizes the constructed identities of the characters by the authors and the characters themselves. This essay will examine how performance, mise-en-abyme, fabulation, and hyperreality all indicate how identity is constructed. In Nights at the Circus and White Noise, the audience is not supposed to be able to tell whether the characters are performing a certai n role. Instead, they tend to step into a role, as if this is their ‘true’ nature, but they know what is adorned. In Nights at the Circus, when Walser meets Fevvers, he runs through diverse processes of belief and disbelief as he talks to and observes her. When he is watching her on the trapeze, he starts as quite rational, he â€Å"whimsically reasoned† with her status as a winged woman and analyzes her anatomy in a scientific manner comparable to Darwinism â€Å"by all the laws of evolution and human reason† . He represents the typical,Show MoreRelatedReality and Illusion4098 Words   |  17 PagesReality versus Illusion Texts: Life of Pi King Lear Heavenly Creatures Blade Runner Pans Labyrinth Research Questions: 1. How does each character’s situation influence their perception or ideas of reality versus illusion? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the main character’s situation in each text? 3. What insights relating to reality and illusion can be gained from each text? Resources: Title: Life of Pi Author: Yann Martel Question 1: Pi survives his ordealRead MoreIllusions and Distortion of Reality1164 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge and Martha’s entire relationship is based on illusions and the distortion of reality. The author of the play once claimed that the play as a whole asks the question, â€Å"who’s afraid of living a life without illusion?† At the beginning of the play, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee, George tells Martha not to â€Å"bring up their son† to the guests and is very mysterious when their guest, Nick, asks George whether he has any children. Martha violates her promise of secrecy when she discussesRead MoreReality Is Merely An Illusion1480 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Reality is merely an illusion.† This quote by Albert Einstein has been widely perpetuated and in many cases dismissed as nonsensical speculation; however, very few realize just how accurate this statement is. Reality is not nearly as tangible as most have come to believe; r ather, it is a fabrication that exists solely within any one person’s mind. What is labeled as reality is merely an interpretation of data that already surrounds us and is taken in by sensory receptors. The brain and body takeRead More Illusions of Reality Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages The Illusions of Reality The only thing in my life that I can be positive about is change. Everything changes, from the moment we’re born to the moment we die. Reality has many twist and turns, and our perception of reality is what shapes us to become who we are. Our life is spent on deciphering the difference between reality and not reality. This is hard to define because reality is unique to each individual. Our environment and the people we are around shape our perception of what is real. RealityRead MoreThe Line Separating Reality And The Illusion Of Reality1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe line separating reality and the illusion of reality is a blur. The line separating the narrator’s self-aware expression and his story telling is a blur. The line separating Ambrose and the narrator is a blur. All of this may blur understanding. It is clear, however, that these blurs exist because of the â€Å"funhouse†. A funhouse, Lost in the funhouse, in which exist other funhouses. Various funhouses exist in the story and in the writing. For this reason, the title Lost in the funhouse is very significantRead More Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesQuestioning Reality in Richard Bach’s Illusions The message of Richard Bach’s Illusions is based on the concept that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a â€Å"messiah†, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is â€Å"Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished:Read MoreIllusion Vs Reality – The Causticity of Illusion Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesReality is the state of the world of how it really is, whereas an illusion is erroneous interpretation of reality. Illusions often derail people from their sanity, as they cause them to inadvertently live lives in accordance to false beliefs. As a result, the outcomes for these people, and the people around them, are often atrocious. The theme of illusion versus reality is excessively demonstrated in Macbeth, a play writ ten by William Shakespeare, and also in The Crucible, a play written by ArthurRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Illusion Vs. Reality1718 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish P4 6 December 2015 The Portrayal of Illusion VS. Reality in A Streetcar Named Desire Have you ever submerged yourself into a word of illusion to escape from the cold hearted reality of the world? This theme of escaping from reality and into illusions is explored throughout the play, A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams. What exactly is the difference between illusion and reality? An illusion is a deceptive idea or belief whereas reality is the actual state in which the world actuallyRead MoreEssay about Reality or Illusion955 Words   |  4 Pages The Matrix, and Plato’s Republic, â€Å"On Shadows and Realities,?reality and illusion are one in the same. The Wachowski brothers allows the viewer to see how reality and illusion can be mistaken for the other, using a number of contrasting ideas found in Platos analogy of the Cave, showing that at times the dream world can be safer than real life. The matrix is a simulation that creates an imaginary world where people are prisoners from reality, much like Platos mythological The Cave. The cave holdsRead MoreHamlet: Illusion vs. Reality1982 Words   |  8 PagesIllusion Versus Reality In Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Hamlet there is a dominant and overwhelming theme that is amplified throughout the entire play. Things are not always what they seem. Many of Shakespeare’s most complex characters hide behind multiple masks of lies and deceit. The American Heritage Student Dictionary defines illusion as â€Å"an unreal or misleading appearance or image† and reality as â€Å"the state of things as they actually exist†. The focus of this essay is the struggle between

Beauty and the Labor Market Free Essays

Since ancient times, man and woman alike value beauty in the same level as they value their possessions and even their family. This is easily seen in works of art, in works of poetry and other forms of literature that praise beauty. Balladeers have sung its ability to intoxicate more potent than wine and its capacity influence man and his many endeavors. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty and the Labor Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now The subject of beauty is very important in human history because the human race is given to marriage and it is the reproduction of children that allows the said specie to continually dominate the earth. It is therefore not surprising how much money and effort is given to the pursuit of beauty and the celebration of the same. In the late 20th century, two men, Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle were also stricken by the allure of beauty but pursued it from a unique angle. These two researchers proposed the idea that if discrimination – with regards to race, nationality, etc. – exists in the workplace then there is surely discrimination when it comes to an employees good looks or the lack thereof. Both men went further as to say that good looks not only allowed men and women possessing of this enviable quality to get good jobs but they also are able to increase their income more successfully than those whom Hamermesh and Biddle described as homely in appearance. But before proceeding to find evidence or contradictions that will shoot down their thesis, Hamermesh and Biddle went on a lengthy discussion strengthening their position that there is indeed a way to do an empirical study of the said subject matter. Methodology Hamermesh and Biddle were right on target when they remarked in the beginning of the paper that there is no going forward without having established the fact that beauty can be measured. The first thing that they did was to look for related literature that would support their claim that beauty can be measured statistically. They went further as to say that not only does beauty a trait that can be measured scientifically but more importantly, perception or standards of beauty is something that does not abruptly change or shift easily in a short period of time. In other words a generation or two of Europeans, Americans, and Canadians will have the same standard of beauty at least in the 20th century when the study was made. Then Hamermesh and Biddle scrutinized the methodology used in the multiple tests to determine a â€Å"beauty standard† and they were satisfied with what they learned. In fact, in Part II of their study they made the following discovery: Within a culture at a point in time there is tremendous agreement on standards of beauty, and these standards change quite slowly. For example, respondents ranging in age from seven to fifty who were asked to rank the appearance of people depicted in photographs showed very high correlation in their rankings (see Background portion of study). Now, in order to make their study reliable and the results credible Hamermesh and Biddle made their case airtight by looking closely at their respondents and the other variables that would affect their results significantly. An example of this is the exclusion of those who have questionable health status for this would surely affect their performance and would have made the study unreliable to say the least. But both men did not stop there they also presented other factors that would have made their analysis unacceptable. They pointed to the fact that there can be other forces involved in the hiring of employees possessing above-average good looks. And these are namely: 1) there are industries that require good looking people and 2) in the case of overcrowding a manager may use the criteria of good looks to choose among the many applicants competing for limited jobs. Significance The world of business is surely indebted to Hamermesh and Biddle and those who wanted to offer something new to the growing body of knowledge concerning what would increase the productivity of a particular enterprise. In the beginning of this study the two proponents were correct in saying that in the area of discrimination in the workplace there is very little if at all, a systematic analysis on the effect of a person’s looks on the quality of job that he or she will get and subsequently the degree of success that will be achieved in his or her lifetime. This study is also helpful in providing more data to those seeking to resolve issues concerning an employers alleged discriminatory actions with regards to an employee unable to rise atop the corporate ladder due to the misfortune of being born with a rather homely appearance. This study would form the foundation of future inquiries as to the role of beauty in the corporate world. Analysis The study was a great challenge for the two researchers because they decided to tackle something as difficult as trying to catch the wind with bare hands. They aimed for the impossible – to measure beauty and ugliness. If this is not enough their study was made more complicated by putting another hurdle and it is to understand the correlation between beauty – or the lack thereof – and productivity in the workplace. It does not need further discussion to conclude that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and that what is attractive to one culture may be offensive to another. In fact a mere two hundred year gap in history is enough to totally transform standards of beauty. The researchers admitted early on when they cited that paintings made in the 17th century depicted a rather different standard when it comes to what feature makes a beautiful man or woman when being compared to what is celebrated today in the media and the arts. But they pulled off a rather convincing argument using a highly controlled study where people from all ages – 7 years old to fifty years old – where able to demonstrate that indeed for a given generation there is a standard of beauty that does not change even after the passage of time. Here is the beginning of their problem. They said so themselves that in the time of the famous artist Rubens beauty is measured by the plumpness of the lady and not by the reed thin supermodels that are highly esteemed in modern times. So how can they be certain that their standard does not change after thirty years or more? Moreover, they have concluded that either Canadians have a slight difference in their outlook regarding beautiful people or that they are not comfortable in being brutally frank when it comes to judging another person’s appearance. This shows subjectivity arising from differences in culture etc. Now, for the sake of argument, this paper will allow that Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their analysis that there is indeed a standard of beauty that is both measurable and unchanging. Then this will lead the discussion to another perceived weakness in their work which is the fact that they conducted their study within European culture and there is no data to support the fact that they considered the preference of Asians. Another possible weakness in their methodology is the fact that they were not able to clearly establish the standard of beauty in a way that their study could be replicated in the future and in different regions of the world. What occurred was that in order for their results to be accepted as scientific then they would have to assemble a similar group of respondents every time they would try to replicate their study in other locations outside the U.S. or Canada. Another problematic aspect of the study is the fact that a person uses more than beauty to complete a job. Mental capabilities and social skills play a major role in the development of a person’s career. The study is not that complex to separate intelligence quotient and beauty. There is no way to just simply observe beauty in action apart from the use of mental faculties. Throughout the course of the research the duo were struggling in putting together a very convincing argument that indeed beauty alone is the major factor in achieving success. There are just too many variables involved in the process of doing a job whatever it may be. In the end Hamermesh and Biddle were almost back to square one for they were not able to come up with anything that is radically new except for reinforcing the already known idea that there are some jobs that require attractive people in order to be more productive. Hamermesh and Biddle tried an escape route by saying that they do not have to demonstrate the validity of their claim because according to them people spend a lot of time and money in grooming aids and purchase of good clothes in order to enhance their physical beauty. But it can be argued that grooming and beauty are two different things. A celebrity which many considers beautiful can wear a plain shirt and still people would find her attractive. Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their final analysis that there is a need to study, â€Å"†¦relationships between looks and earning within particular narrowly – defined occupations† (see Part VIII).   Moreover there is a need to extend the timeline of their study to determine if attractive employees were able to sustain a high level of success and that their increase in income is not merely a result of a quick promotion because the manager was biased to people with good looks but soon regretted his actions when he found out about their performance. Works Cited Hamermesh, D. Biddle, J. Beauty and the LabourMarket. American Economic Review 84.5 (1994): 1174-1194. How to cite Beauty and the Labor Market, Essay examples

Human Resource Management for Attracting -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Attracting and Recruiting. Answer: Introduction Any practice or action taken by a corporation with the main objective of recognising and attracting prospective candidates for a particular job is known as recruitment. Recruitment is one of the central roles of the human resource department in an organisation; it is divided into various steps including attracting, choosing and employing the appropriate candidates. Selection is one of the critical parts of recruitment in which the human resource department decide which candidate will or will not be employed in the company. The effectiveness of a recruitment procedure is based on the turnover of employees in a corporation. The human resource department can implement various strategies which influence the function and system which affects employees behaviour, attitude, and performance. This essay will focus on the recruitment and selection procedure of corporations and their role in attracting and retention of employees. Further, the essay will evaluate different human resource managem ent theories from the perspective of various companies to understand their effectiveness. Role of Recruitment and Selection in Attracting and Retaining of Employees The human resource department is responsible for attracting and recruiting the potential candidates who are appropriate according to the corporations requirements. According to Rehman (2012), the recruitment procedure is directly related to the growth of an enterprise because employees play a significant role in corporations development. The employees turnover ratio of a business determines the success or failure of their recruitment procedure. The recruitment procedure is influenced by several factors including, vacancy characteristics, candidate characteristics, sources of recruitment, recruiter trait behaviour and job choice. The human resource department has to implement a positive and cooperative working environment for the attraction and retention of employees. As per Wallace et al. (2014), effective recruitment and selection process is necessary for an enterprise for filling up the position with the appropriate candidate. There are specific skills which are required to perfor m particular tasks, and human resource department must select a right candidate with proper skills in the right post. According to Ahmad Schroeder (2002), the human resource department is required to analyse the characteristics of a vacancy for effective recruitment and selection procedure. Vacancy characterise include the qualification, skills, physical requirements, salary, incentives and working condition of a specific job. The HRM can adopt compensation strategy to attract talented candidates; the company can lead the market by paying relatively higher salary packages to their employees. This approach assists HRM into attracting talented employees because candidates prefer better salary packages, this strategy also aids in retention of employees as well. The image of an organisation plays a vital role in the attraction of employees. For example, Google provides various employment benefits and a positive working environment for their employees. Therefore, they receive more than three million job applications yearly (DOnfro 2015). The vacancy characteristics provide whether the recruitment need t o be internal or external. In internal recruitment, the candidates are selected from already employed workers, and in external recruitment, outside candidates apply for a job. Recruitment sources primarily divided into two types, internal and external source and the HRM select a suitable option based on the requirement of the particular job. Compton (2009) provided in his book that the internal recruitment is conducted among present employees of the organisation; HRM evaluates the knowledge and skills of current employees to transfer or promote them. The external source includes various types, such as an advertisement, worker exchange, placement companies, labour unions and much more. While selecting between direct applicants or referrals, HRM has to conduct various interviews and tests to analyse their knowledge and skill for the specific job. As per the study of Kontoghiorghes Frangou (2009), superior organisational image and higher compensation packages attract a large number of candidates in the recruitment procedure of company. Corporations can use advertisement to reach a wider audience, which assists in the selection of talented candidates. Public and private employment agencies help businesses to hire experts of various fields. Other sources of hiring include campus recruitment and E-cruitment, which attract a large number of applicants. As per Hansen et al. (2011), the essential elements which attract qualified candidates in recruitment procedure are salary, benefits, and job. The remuneration package of the organisation must be attractive to lure qualified candidate for recruitment, paying higher salary than competitors can assist corporations in recruiting superior employees. The benefits are the incentives or opportunities provided by an organisation to their employees. Google is a great example; they have won the title of the best place to work several times because of their benefits packages. Google provide benefits such as unlimited sick leaves, time for personal projects, free snakes, family vacations, and much more (Choi Varian 2009). The job is also a critical part of attracting eligible employees; most people prefer to work at a job which satisfies their demands. Qualified employer prefers a challenging position which tests their cognitive capabilities, by providing such environment; a corporation can att ract competent employees. Reynolds Weiner (2009) provided that selection is the procedure of selecting the eligible candidate for the appropriate job, in this process, the human resource department decides which person will be in the organisation. The HRM is required to maintain various standards while establishing their selection procedure; these rules benefit the company by improving retention of workers. The primary requirement of selection includes reliability; the method should be consistent while measuring the performance of candidates. The performance measured by the selection procedure must be free from random errors, for example, Microsoft takes various logistical and technical tests of their employees to determine their knowledge. Only such candidates are selected for interviews who received a certain number of grades in the tests. The validity of standards is the second requirement; the test for the selection must be valid and according to the condition of the job (Wolfswinkel, Furtmueller Wilder om 2010). The extent to which a candidates performance is measured must be relevant to the aspects of a job performance. Another standard is generalizability, which measures the degree up to which the validity of a selection method is based. As per Hausknecht, Day Thomas (2004), the tests conducted while selection procedure must be utilised according to the job requirements, for example, Google stops asking their candidate's brainteaser questions because their data shows that they do not predict knowledge of a candidate since they are unrelated to their job profile. The human resource department should also ensure the legality of the selection procedure, whether the test and interviews are according to the legal requirement of candidates and no personal data are being shared outside the organisation. These standards assist human resource department in selecting a right candidate who is more accessible to retain in the corporation (Farndale, Scullion Sparrow 2010). Human resource department can implement a different method of selection, as per the requirement of the job. As per the Book of Arthur (2012), interviews are the basis selection strategy, in which the human resource management personally interviews the candidate to learn their knowledge and ability to work in an organisation. By personally interviewing an applicant, the member of human resource management can negotiate with the candidate which assists in the retention of employees. In case specific physical strength is required for a particular job, the human resource department should examine the health of their candidates. In modern times, most of the positions require the high cognitive ability of employees such as programming or data analysis. A corporation can provide better salary or benefit packages to candidates with higher cognitive skills, which they can ascertain during the selection procedure (Huffcutt, Van Iddekinge Roth 2011). An organisation can improve Employee's retention by understanding the requirement of their employees, the HRM can learn regarding the necessity of the candidate in their job interview. The human resource management can implement a recruitment structure which can determine the demand for potential candidates. The candidates provide their personal information at the time of their job interview which can be evaluated by the human resource management. Such information can be utilised by the company to fulfill the needs of the workers which assist in retaining them in the organisation. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that recruitment and selection procedure is the core part of human resource department. These processes assist corporations in attracting and retaining their employees. For drawing qualified employees, a company can use various strategies while recruiting such as better salary packages, incentive schemes and opportunities in job development. The organisations can use their reputable image for advertising to qualities employees. The retention procedure can be improved by selecting the right person for the right job; a company can collect information in recruitment process which assists them fulfilling the requirement of their employees which retain them in the organisation. These human resource management strategies help corporations in attracting and retaining qualified candidates which augment the growth of such company. References Ahmad, S., Schroeder, R. G. (2002). The importance of recruitment and selection process for sustainability of total quality management.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,19(5), 540-550. Arthur, D. (2012).Recruiting, interviewing, selecting orienting new employees. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Choi, H., Varian, H. (2009). Predicting initial claims for unemployment benefits.Google Inc, 1-5. Compton, R. L. (2009).Effective recruitment and selection practices. CCH Australia Limited. DOnfro, J., 2015. A Inside Look at Googles Best Employee Perks. Inc. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/business-insider/best-google-benefits.html Farndale, E., Scullion, H., Sparrow, P. (2010). The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management.Journal of world business,45(2), 161-168. Hansen, S. D., Dunford, B. B., Boss, A. D., Boss, R. W., Angermeier, I. (2011). Corporate social responsibility and the benefits of employee trust: A cross-disciplinary perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,102(1), 29-45. Hausknecht, J. P., Day, D. V., Thomas, S. C. (2004). Applicant reactions to selection procedures: An updated model and meta?analysis.Personnel psychology,57(3), 639-683. Huffcutt, A. I., Van Iddekinge, C. H., Roth, P. L. (2011). Understanding applicant behavior in employment interviews: A theoretical model of interviewee performance.Human Resource Management Review,21(4), 353-367. Kontoghiorghes, C., Frangou, K. (2009). The association between talent retention, antecedent factors, and consequent organizational performance.SAM Advanced Management Journal,74(1), 29. Rehman, S. (2012). A study of public sector organizations with respect to recruitment, job satisfaction and retention.Global Business and Management Research,4(1), 76. Reynolds, D. H., Weiner, J. A. (2009).Online recruiting and selection: Innovations in talent acquisition. John Wiley Sons. Wallace, A. P. M., Lings, I., Cameron, R., Sheldon, N. (2014). Attracting and retaining staff: the role of branding and industry image. InWorkforce development(pp. 19-36). Springer Singapore. Wolfswinkel, J., Furtmueller, E., Wilderom, C. (2010). Reflecting on e-recruiting research using grounded theory.