What Kind Of Social Norms Do Other Cultures Have Essay

The USA is a very diverse nation with many different groups of people, and that being said it is a wonder our nation is able to coexist despite many cultures being integrated within our population. Several things that came to mind while researching this topic were; ,â€Å"What kind of social norms do other cultures have?†, â€Å" How would I have turned out if I would have been born in that country with a different culture?†, and â€Å" What do people from a different context think about the way I communicate?†. We oftentimes disregard a very crucial entity that is essential to any civilization, and that is the way the populous communicates with each other. Foreigners oftentimes struggle to adapt living in a new country because they have to overcome many endeavors, and have to deal with the initial culture shock. Aside from learning a new language they have to learn certain social cues that were not used in their native countries, and most of the time they will h ave to learn the social cues on their own. Even if you learn the language prior to your arrival you will still find it difficult to have a conversation with a local. There are two distinct ways to communicate, and it is oftentimes influenced by the culture an individual is born in. There are cultures that are considered to be high context, and their counterparts would be those who grew up in cultures considered to be low context. An individual’s upbringing greatly influences how well they would be able to adapt to communicatingShow MoreRelatedSocial Norms around the World879 Words   |  3 PagesHow do people like to eat ramen? Do they like to eat with sounds or eating quietly? It means that ramen is delicious when people are eating it with sounds in Japan. While in china, eating food with sounds means rudeness. This interesting example shows that there are huge differences among kinds of social norms. In the film Witness, director Peter Weir explores the distinct and huge cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime andRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society1253 Words   |  6 PagesAll social phenomena, including economic institutions and social norms, emerge from the actions and interactions of individuals. The task of social sciences is to study how these two components can give rise to different social dynamics and social events. For a long time, social scientists have disagreed on which component plays a dominant role. The study of social norms can help us understand a wide variety of seemingly puzzling human behavior. As norm existence and compliance can be best understoodRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we have to abide. Social norms are rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable or appropriate within a culture. They are so embedded within our daily life that often we do not notice them. Becaus e norms are so ingrained within our society, deviation of social norms can lead to be ostracized or even arrested depending on the situation. Violating norms, like promoting hate message about poor people, in society can be explained through the functionalism theory. Norms are essentiallyRead MoreChimpanzees Exhibit Culture Through Social Interaction1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of culture to many individuals may be perceived as a combination of language, beliefs, norms, values and customs shared amongst individuals; passed along generations to be carried out within a society. In a society, individuals make up social groupings that form ideas, behaviors and materials objects that encompass what they define as culture. Culture is not only essential for survival, but for growth and communication; through interaction, observation and imitation our behavioral patternsRead MoreSexual Violence And Sex Violence960 Words   |  4 Pagesallow me to have a better understand how society views sexual violence and what is being done about it. Though, there are many laws and regulations, having an understanding of how a victim is viewed in a justice system and how our culture has influenced sexual violence. Central Research Questions/Problems In this research paper, I will be looking about how sexual violence is portrayed through the lenses of class and race. Knowing that these two factors place a role in many other social issues andRead MoreSimilarities Between Feminism And Feminism1014 Words   |  5 Pages 4. The similarities of conflict theory and feminist perspective. There are many similar and differences of these two theory’s. Conflict theory believes that the social behavior is best understood when looking at different groups and seeing the gaps of power and different resources like housing, money, and access to services. This theory since the 1960’s has seem to start taking over the functionalist perspective because of all the civil rights, decisions made in the Vietnam and the rise of feminismRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Its Effects On Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesagreement between one another in society there would be social chaos. For example if someone was to come up to you in the street and kiss you, you would be shocked and maybe scared. This is why society needs people to behave predictably so that we can contain some kind of social order. Socialisation is the passing on of culture from person to person. It is a process in which people turn in to members of a social culture by teaching them norms and values and language, knowledge and customs. There areRead MoreModifying Into Cultures : A Different Definition Of Success Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Modifying into Cultures Everybody has a different definition of success. Success can be interpreted into having happiness, having knowledge, and being financially stabled. Most people describe it as being patient and having a positive mindset. Malcolm Gladwell, author of Outliers, demonstrated how without the knowledge of other cultures, there are many things that people won’t consider questioning or realizing about it. He also showed how people need to adapt to a new culture in order to achieveRead More The Many Faces of Culture Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesDefining culture has been a debate among sociologists and anthropologists since the 19th century. Culture is vital for the perseverance of a society and has its own identity that distinguishes it from others. Culture is not rooted into a person from birth, but it is learned from wherever he or she is from. It acts in a subconscious manner in that when a culture differs, one society may find another society to be odd. Every society has a differ ent culture where the people share a specific languageRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society And Culture1629 Words   |  7 PagesHuman beings are social creatures and they learn to socialize with others so they can feel a part of society. Through socialization people try and conform to the standards that come with being functioning members of society and fitting to the status quo. Besides interacting with others, we learn about the culture we live in. Culture teaches people the norms, the values, and what to believe in. The last influence that associates both society and culture is the media. Media has made a huge impact

Reality and Illusion - 1812 Words

Postmodern literature draws attention to its status as fictional to break down barriers between reality and illusion. The boundaries between ‘real’ and ‘fake’ are no longer clear, because identity is socially constructed. In White Noise and Nights at the Circus, characters such as Sophie Fevvers and Jack Gladney have fabricated personas, and they exaggerate these roles so that their audiences cannot tell the difference between what the characters perform and their ‘true’ nature. There are many Matryoshka principles in Nights at the Circus, adding many layers of fiction to the story. This emphasizes the constructed identities of the characters by the authors and the characters themselves. This essay will examine how performance, mise-en-abyme, fabulation, and hyperreality all indicate how identity is constructed. In Nights at the Circus and White Noise, the audience is not supposed to be able to tell whether the characters are performing a certai n role. Instead, they tend to step into a role, as if this is their ‘true’ nature, but they know what is adorned. In Nights at the Circus, when Walser meets Fevvers, he runs through diverse processes of belief and disbelief as he talks to and observes her. When he is watching her on the trapeze, he starts as quite rational, he â€Å"whimsically reasoned† with her status as a winged woman and analyzes her anatomy in a scientific manner comparable to Darwinism â€Å"by all the laws of evolution and human reason† . He represents the typical,Show MoreRelatedReality and Illusion4098 Words   |  17 PagesReality versus Illusion Texts: Life of Pi King Lear Heavenly Creatures Blade Runner Pans Labyrinth Research Questions: 1. How does each character’s situation influence their perception or ideas of reality versus illusion? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the main character’s situation in each text? 3. What insights relating to reality and illusion can be gained from each text? Resources: Title: Life of Pi Author: Yann Martel Question 1: Pi survives his ordealRead MoreIllusions and Distortion of Reality1164 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge and Martha’s entire relationship is based on illusions and the distortion of reality. The author of the play once claimed that the play as a whole asks the question, â€Å"who’s afraid of living a life without illusion?† At the beginning of the play, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee, George tells Martha not to â€Å"bring up their son† to the guests and is very mysterious when their guest, Nick, asks George whether he has any children. Martha violates her promise of secrecy when she discussesRead MoreReality Is Merely An Illusion1480 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Reality is merely an illusion.† This quote by Albert Einstein has been widely perpetuated and in many cases dismissed as nonsensical speculation; however, very few realize just how accurate this statement is. Reality is not nearly as tangible as most have come to believe; r ather, it is a fabrication that exists solely within any one person’s mind. What is labeled as reality is merely an interpretation of data that already surrounds us and is taken in by sensory receptors. The brain and body takeRead More Illusions of Reality Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages The Illusions of Reality The only thing in my life that I can be positive about is change. Everything changes, from the moment we’re born to the moment we die. Reality has many twist and turns, and our perception of reality is what shapes us to become who we are. Our life is spent on deciphering the difference between reality and not reality. This is hard to define because reality is unique to each individual. Our environment and the people we are around shape our perception of what is real. RealityRead MoreThe Line Separating Reality And The Illusion Of Reality1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe line separating reality and the illusion of reality is a blur. The line separating the narrator’s self-aware expression and his story telling is a blur. The line separating Ambrose and the narrator is a blur. All of this may blur understanding. It is clear, however, that these blurs exist because of the â€Å"funhouse†. A funhouse, Lost in the funhouse, in which exist other funhouses. Various funhouses exist in the story and in the writing. For this reason, the title Lost in the funhouse is very significantRead More Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesQuestioning Reality in Richard Bach’s Illusions The message of Richard Bach’s Illusions is based on the concept that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a â€Å"messiah†, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is â€Å"Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished:Read MoreIllusion Vs Reality – The Causticity of Illusion Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesReality is the state of the world of how it really is, whereas an illusion is erroneous interpretation of reality. Illusions often derail people from their sanity, as they cause them to inadvertently live lives in accordance to false beliefs. As a result, the outcomes for these people, and the people around them, are often atrocious. The theme of illusion versus reality is excessively demonstrated in Macbeth, a play writ ten by William Shakespeare, and also in The Crucible, a play written by ArthurRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Illusion Vs. Reality1718 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish P4 6 December 2015 The Portrayal of Illusion VS. Reality in A Streetcar Named Desire Have you ever submerged yourself into a word of illusion to escape from the cold hearted reality of the world? This theme of escaping from reality and into illusions is explored throughout the play, A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams. What exactly is the difference between illusion and reality? An illusion is a deceptive idea or belief whereas reality is the actual state in which the world actuallyRead MoreEssay about Reality or Illusion955 Words   |  4 Pages The Matrix, and Plato’s Republic, â€Å"On Shadows and Realities,?reality and illusion are one in the same. The Wachowski brothers allows the viewer to see how reality and illusion can be mistaken for the other, using a number of contrasting ideas found in Platos analogy of the Cave, showing that at times the dream world can be safer than real life. The matrix is a simulation that creates an imaginary world where people are prisoners from reality, much like Platos mythological The Cave. The cave holdsRead MoreHamlet: Illusion vs. Reality1982 Words   |  8 PagesIllusion Versus Reality In Shakespeare’s famous tragedy Hamlet there is a dominant and overwhelming theme that is amplified throughout the entire play. Things are not always what they seem. Many of Shakespeare’s most complex characters hide behind multiple masks of lies and deceit. The American Heritage Student Dictionary defines illusion as â€Å"an unreal or misleading appearance or image† and reality as â€Å"the state of things as they actually exist†. The focus of this essay is the struggle between

Beauty and the Labor Market Free Essays

Since ancient times, man and woman alike value beauty in the same level as they value their possessions and even their family. This is easily seen in works of art, in works of poetry and other forms of literature that praise beauty. Balladeers have sung its ability to intoxicate more potent than wine and its capacity influence man and his many endeavors. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty and the Labor Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now The subject of beauty is very important in human history because the human race is given to marriage and it is the reproduction of children that allows the said specie to continually dominate the earth. It is therefore not surprising how much money and effort is given to the pursuit of beauty and the celebration of the same. In the late 20th century, two men, Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle were also stricken by the allure of beauty but pursued it from a unique angle. These two researchers proposed the idea that if discrimination – with regards to race, nationality, etc. – exists in the workplace then there is surely discrimination when it comes to an employees good looks or the lack thereof. Both men went further as to say that good looks not only allowed men and women possessing of this enviable quality to get good jobs but they also are able to increase their income more successfully than those whom Hamermesh and Biddle described as homely in appearance. But before proceeding to find evidence or contradictions that will shoot down their thesis, Hamermesh and Biddle went on a lengthy discussion strengthening their position that there is indeed a way to do an empirical study of the said subject matter. Methodology Hamermesh and Biddle were right on target when they remarked in the beginning of the paper that there is no going forward without having established the fact that beauty can be measured. The first thing that they did was to look for related literature that would support their claim that beauty can be measured statistically. They went further as to say that not only does beauty a trait that can be measured scientifically but more importantly, perception or standards of beauty is something that does not abruptly change or shift easily in a short period of time. In other words a generation or two of Europeans, Americans, and Canadians will have the same standard of beauty at least in the 20th century when the study was made. Then Hamermesh and Biddle scrutinized the methodology used in the multiple tests to determine a â€Å"beauty standard† and they were satisfied with what they learned. In fact, in Part II of their study they made the following discovery: Within a culture at a point in time there is tremendous agreement on standards of beauty, and these standards change quite slowly. For example, respondents ranging in age from seven to fifty who were asked to rank the appearance of people depicted in photographs showed very high correlation in their rankings (see Background portion of study). Now, in order to make their study reliable and the results credible Hamermesh and Biddle made their case airtight by looking closely at their respondents and the other variables that would affect their results significantly. An example of this is the exclusion of those who have questionable health status for this would surely affect their performance and would have made the study unreliable to say the least. But both men did not stop there they also presented other factors that would have made their analysis unacceptable. They pointed to the fact that there can be other forces involved in the hiring of employees possessing above-average good looks. And these are namely: 1) there are industries that require good looking people and 2) in the case of overcrowding a manager may use the criteria of good looks to choose among the many applicants competing for limited jobs. Significance The world of business is surely indebted to Hamermesh and Biddle and those who wanted to offer something new to the growing body of knowledge concerning what would increase the productivity of a particular enterprise. In the beginning of this study the two proponents were correct in saying that in the area of discrimination in the workplace there is very little if at all, a systematic analysis on the effect of a person’s looks on the quality of job that he or she will get and subsequently the degree of success that will be achieved in his or her lifetime. This study is also helpful in providing more data to those seeking to resolve issues concerning an employers alleged discriminatory actions with regards to an employee unable to rise atop the corporate ladder due to the misfortune of being born with a rather homely appearance. This study would form the foundation of future inquiries as to the role of beauty in the corporate world. Analysis The study was a great challenge for the two researchers because they decided to tackle something as difficult as trying to catch the wind with bare hands. They aimed for the impossible – to measure beauty and ugliness. If this is not enough their study was made more complicated by putting another hurdle and it is to understand the correlation between beauty – or the lack thereof – and productivity in the workplace. It does not need further discussion to conclude that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and that what is attractive to one culture may be offensive to another. In fact a mere two hundred year gap in history is enough to totally transform standards of beauty. The researchers admitted early on when they cited that paintings made in the 17th century depicted a rather different standard when it comes to what feature makes a beautiful man or woman when being compared to what is celebrated today in the media and the arts. But they pulled off a rather convincing argument using a highly controlled study where people from all ages – 7 years old to fifty years old – where able to demonstrate that indeed for a given generation there is a standard of beauty that does not change even after the passage of time. Here is the beginning of their problem. They said so themselves that in the time of the famous artist Rubens beauty is measured by the plumpness of the lady and not by the reed thin supermodels that are highly esteemed in modern times. So how can they be certain that their standard does not change after thirty years or more? Moreover, they have concluded that either Canadians have a slight difference in their outlook regarding beautiful people or that they are not comfortable in being brutally frank when it comes to judging another person’s appearance. This shows subjectivity arising from differences in culture etc. Now, for the sake of argument, this paper will allow that Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their analysis that there is indeed a standard of beauty that is both measurable and unchanging. Then this will lead the discussion to another perceived weakness in their work which is the fact that they conducted their study within European culture and there is no data to support the fact that they considered the preference of Asians. Another possible weakness in their methodology is the fact that they were not able to clearly establish the standard of beauty in a way that their study could be replicated in the future and in different regions of the world. What occurred was that in order for their results to be accepted as scientific then they would have to assemble a similar group of respondents every time they would try to replicate their study in other locations outside the U.S. or Canada. Another problematic aspect of the study is the fact that a person uses more than beauty to complete a job. Mental capabilities and social skills play a major role in the development of a person’s career. The study is not that complex to separate intelligence quotient and beauty. There is no way to just simply observe beauty in action apart from the use of mental faculties. Throughout the course of the research the duo were struggling in putting together a very convincing argument that indeed beauty alone is the major factor in achieving success. There are just too many variables involved in the process of doing a job whatever it may be. In the end Hamermesh and Biddle were almost back to square one for they were not able to come up with anything that is radically new except for reinforcing the already known idea that there are some jobs that require attractive people in order to be more productive. Hamermesh and Biddle tried an escape route by saying that they do not have to demonstrate the validity of their claim because according to them people spend a lot of time and money in grooming aids and purchase of good clothes in order to enhance their physical beauty. But it can be argued that grooming and beauty are two different things. A celebrity which many considers beautiful can wear a plain shirt and still people would find her attractive. Hamermesh and Biddle were both correct in their final analysis that there is a need to study, â€Å"†¦relationships between looks and earning within particular narrowly – defined occupations† (see Part VIII).   Moreover there is a need to extend the timeline of their study to determine if attractive employees were able to sustain a high level of success and that their increase in income is not merely a result of a quick promotion because the manager was biased to people with good looks but soon regretted his actions when he found out about their performance. Works Cited Hamermesh, D. Biddle, J. Beauty and the LabourMarket. American Economic Review 84.5 (1994): 1174-1194. How to cite Beauty and the Labor Market, Essay examples

Human Resource Management for Attracting -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Attracting and Recruiting. Answer: Introduction Any practice or action taken by a corporation with the main objective of recognising and attracting prospective candidates for a particular job is known as recruitment. Recruitment is one of the central roles of the human resource department in an organisation; it is divided into various steps including attracting, choosing and employing the appropriate candidates. Selection is one of the critical parts of recruitment in which the human resource department decide which candidate will or will not be employed in the company. The effectiveness of a recruitment procedure is based on the turnover of employees in a corporation. The human resource department can implement various strategies which influence the function and system which affects employees behaviour, attitude, and performance. This essay will focus on the recruitment and selection procedure of corporations and their role in attracting and retention of employees. Further, the essay will evaluate different human resource managem ent theories from the perspective of various companies to understand their effectiveness. Role of Recruitment and Selection in Attracting and Retaining of Employees The human resource department is responsible for attracting and recruiting the potential candidates who are appropriate according to the corporations requirements. According to Rehman (2012), the recruitment procedure is directly related to the growth of an enterprise because employees play a significant role in corporations development. The employees turnover ratio of a business determines the success or failure of their recruitment procedure. The recruitment procedure is influenced by several factors including, vacancy characteristics, candidate characteristics, sources of recruitment, recruiter trait behaviour and job choice. The human resource department has to implement a positive and cooperative working environment for the attraction and retention of employees. As per Wallace et al. (2014), effective recruitment and selection process is necessary for an enterprise for filling up the position with the appropriate candidate. There are specific skills which are required to perfor m particular tasks, and human resource department must select a right candidate with proper skills in the right post. According to Ahmad Schroeder (2002), the human resource department is required to analyse the characteristics of a vacancy for effective recruitment and selection procedure. Vacancy characterise include the qualification, skills, physical requirements, salary, incentives and working condition of a specific job. The HRM can adopt compensation strategy to attract talented candidates; the company can lead the market by paying relatively higher salary packages to their employees. This approach assists HRM into attracting talented employees because candidates prefer better salary packages, this strategy also aids in retention of employees as well. The image of an organisation plays a vital role in the attraction of employees. For example, Google provides various employment benefits and a positive working environment for their employees. Therefore, they receive more than three million job applications yearly (DOnfro 2015). The vacancy characteristics provide whether the recruitment need t o be internal or external. In internal recruitment, the candidates are selected from already employed workers, and in external recruitment, outside candidates apply for a job. Recruitment sources primarily divided into two types, internal and external source and the HRM select a suitable option based on the requirement of the particular job. Compton (2009) provided in his book that the internal recruitment is conducted among present employees of the organisation; HRM evaluates the knowledge and skills of current employees to transfer or promote them. The external source includes various types, such as an advertisement, worker exchange, placement companies, labour unions and much more. While selecting between direct applicants or referrals, HRM has to conduct various interviews and tests to analyse their knowledge and skill for the specific job. As per the study of Kontoghiorghes Frangou (2009), superior organisational image and higher compensation packages attract a large number of candidates in the recruitment procedure of company. Corporations can use advertisement to reach a wider audience, which assists in the selection of talented candidates. Public and private employment agencies help businesses to hire experts of various fields. Other sources of hiring include campus recruitment and E-cruitment, which attract a large number of applicants. As per Hansen et al. (2011), the essential elements which attract qualified candidates in recruitment procedure are salary, benefits, and job. The remuneration package of the organisation must be attractive to lure qualified candidate for recruitment, paying higher salary than competitors can assist corporations in recruiting superior employees. The benefits are the incentives or opportunities provided by an organisation to their employees. Google is a great example; they have won the title of the best place to work several times because of their benefits packages. Google provide benefits such as unlimited sick leaves, time for personal projects, free snakes, family vacations, and much more (Choi Varian 2009). The job is also a critical part of attracting eligible employees; most people prefer to work at a job which satisfies their demands. Qualified employer prefers a challenging position which tests their cognitive capabilities, by providing such environment; a corporation can att ract competent employees. Reynolds Weiner (2009) provided that selection is the procedure of selecting the eligible candidate for the appropriate job, in this process, the human resource department decides which person will be in the organisation. The HRM is required to maintain various standards while establishing their selection procedure; these rules benefit the company by improving retention of workers. The primary requirement of selection includes reliability; the method should be consistent while measuring the performance of candidates. The performance measured by the selection procedure must be free from random errors, for example, Microsoft takes various logistical and technical tests of their employees to determine their knowledge. Only such candidates are selected for interviews who received a certain number of grades in the tests. The validity of standards is the second requirement; the test for the selection must be valid and according to the condition of the job (Wolfswinkel, Furtmueller Wilder om 2010). The extent to which a candidates performance is measured must be relevant to the aspects of a job performance. Another standard is generalizability, which measures the degree up to which the validity of a selection method is based. As per Hausknecht, Day Thomas (2004), the tests conducted while selection procedure must be utilised according to the job requirements, for example, Google stops asking their candidate's brainteaser questions because their data shows that they do not predict knowledge of a candidate since they are unrelated to their job profile. The human resource department should also ensure the legality of the selection procedure, whether the test and interviews are according to the legal requirement of candidates and no personal data are being shared outside the organisation. These standards assist human resource department in selecting a right candidate who is more accessible to retain in the corporation (Farndale, Scullion Sparrow 2010). Human resource department can implement a different method of selection, as per the requirement of the job. As per the Book of Arthur (2012), interviews are the basis selection strategy, in which the human resource management personally interviews the candidate to learn their knowledge and ability to work in an organisation. By personally interviewing an applicant, the member of human resource management can negotiate with the candidate which assists in the retention of employees. In case specific physical strength is required for a particular job, the human resource department should examine the health of their candidates. In modern times, most of the positions require the high cognitive ability of employees such as programming or data analysis. A corporation can provide better salary or benefit packages to candidates with higher cognitive skills, which they can ascertain during the selection procedure (Huffcutt, Van Iddekinge Roth 2011). An organisation can improve Employee's retention by understanding the requirement of their employees, the HRM can learn regarding the necessity of the candidate in their job interview. The human resource management can implement a recruitment structure which can determine the demand for potential candidates. The candidates provide their personal information at the time of their job interview which can be evaluated by the human resource management. Such information can be utilised by the company to fulfill the needs of the workers which assist in retaining them in the organisation. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that recruitment and selection procedure is the core part of human resource department. These processes assist corporations in attracting and retaining their employees. For drawing qualified employees, a company can use various strategies while recruiting such as better salary packages, incentive schemes and opportunities in job development. The organisations can use their reputable image for advertising to qualities employees. The retention procedure can be improved by selecting the right person for the right job; a company can collect information in recruitment process which assists them fulfilling the requirement of their employees which retain them in the organisation. These human resource management strategies help corporations in attracting and retaining qualified candidates which augment the growth of such company. References Ahmad, S., Schroeder, R. G. (2002). The importance of recruitment and selection process for sustainability of total quality management.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,19(5), 540-550. Arthur, D. (2012).Recruiting, interviewing, selecting orienting new employees. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Choi, H., Varian, H. (2009). Predicting initial claims for unemployment benefits.Google Inc, 1-5. Compton, R. L. (2009).Effective recruitment and selection practices. CCH Australia Limited. DOnfro, J., 2015. A Inside Look at Googles Best Employee Perks. Inc. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/business-insider/best-google-benefits.html Farndale, E., Scullion, H., Sparrow, P. (2010). The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management.Journal of world business,45(2), 161-168. Hansen, S. D., Dunford, B. B., Boss, A. D., Boss, R. W., Angermeier, I. (2011). Corporate social responsibility and the benefits of employee trust: A cross-disciplinary perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,102(1), 29-45. Hausknecht, J. P., Day, D. V., Thomas, S. C. (2004). Applicant reactions to selection procedures: An updated model and meta?analysis.Personnel psychology,57(3), 639-683. Huffcutt, A. I., Van Iddekinge, C. H., Roth, P. L. (2011). Understanding applicant behavior in employment interviews: A theoretical model of interviewee performance.Human Resource Management Review,21(4), 353-367. Kontoghiorghes, C., Frangou, K. (2009). The association between talent retention, antecedent factors, and consequent organizational performance.SAM Advanced Management Journal,74(1), 29. Rehman, S. (2012). A study of public sector organizations with respect to recruitment, job satisfaction and retention.Global Business and Management Research,4(1), 76. Reynolds, D. H., Weiner, J. A. (2009).Online recruiting and selection: Innovations in talent acquisition. John Wiley Sons. Wallace, A. P. M., Lings, I., Cameron, R., Sheldon, N. (2014). Attracting and retaining staff: the role of branding and industry image. InWorkforce development(pp. 19-36). Springer Singapore. Wolfswinkel, J., Furtmueller, E., Wilderom, C. (2010). Reflecting on e-recruiting research using grounded theory.

The History Of Women In Law Enforcement Essays -

The History of Women in Law Enforcement THESIS: Since first being implemented, policewomen have proven themselves to be extremely effective and essential elements of law enforcement, facing many inequalities along the way. While recent advances in equality have been made, law enforcement is still seen as a male-dominated field. If we are to see further progress in the equivalence of the field, it is important to continue to work for gender equality within our nation's policing institutions.

Biography of Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III

Biography of Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III Anne Neville (June 11, 1456- March 16, 1485) was first married to the young Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales and son of Henry VII, and later became the wife of Richard of Gloucester (Richard III) and thus Queen of England. She was a key figure, if more or less a pawn, in the Wars of the Roses. Fast Facts: Anne Neville Known For: Wife of Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI; wife of Richard of Gloucester; when Richard became King as Richard III, Anne became Queen of EnglandBorn: June 11, 1456 at Warwick Castle in London, EnglandParents: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and his wife Anne BeauchampDied: March 16, 1485 in London, EnglandSpouse(s): Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI (m. 1470–1471); Richard, Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III, brother of Edward IV (m. 1472- 1485)Children: Edward, Prince of Wales (c. 1473–1484) Early Life Anne Neville was born June 11, 1456, at Warwick Castle in London, England, and likely lived there and in other castles held by her family while she was a child. She did attend various formal celebrations, including the feast celebrating the marriage of Margaret of York in 1468.   Annes father  Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was called the Kingmaker for his shifting and influential roles in the Wars of the Roses.  He was a nephew of the  Duke of Yorks  wife, Cecily Neville, mother of Edward IV and Richard III. He came into considerable property and wealth when he married  Anne Beauchamp. They had no sons, only two daughters, of whom Anne Neville was the younger, and Isabel (1451–1476) the elder.  These daughters would inherit a fortune, and thus their marriages were especially important in the royal marriage game. Anne as Goods for Alliances In 1460, Annes father  and his uncle, Edward, Duke of York and Earl of March, defeated Henry VI at Northampton. In 1461, Edward was proclaimed King of England as Edward IV. Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, surprising Warwick, who had plans for a more advantageous marriage for him. By 1469, Warwick had turned against Edward IV and the Yorkists and joined the Lancastrian cause promoting the return of Henry VI. Henrys queen, Margaret of Anjou, was heading the Lancastrian effort from France. Warwick married his older daughter, Isabel, to George, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Edward IV, while the parties were in Calais, France.  Clarence switched from the York to the Lancaster party. Edward, Prince of Wales The next year, Warwick, apparently to convince Margaret of Anjou that he was trustworthy (because he had originally sided with Edward IV in unseating Henry VI), married his daughter Anne to Henry VIs son and heir apparent, Edward of Westminster. The marriage was held in Bayeux in mid-December of 1470. Warwick, Edward of Westminster accompanied Queen Margaret as she and her army invaded England, Edward IV fled to Burgundy. Annes marriage to Edward of Westminster convinced Clarence that Warwick had no intention to promote his kingship. Clarence switched sides and rejoined his Yorkist brothers. York Victories, Lancastrian Losses On April 14, 1471 at the Battle of Barnet, the Yorkist party was victorious, and Annes father, Warwick, and a brother of Warwick, John Neville, were among those killed. Then on May 4, in the Battle of Tewkesbury, the Yorkists won another decisive victory over Margaret of Anjous forces, and Annes young husband, Edward of Westminster, was killed either during the battle or shortly after. With his heir dead, the Yorkists had Henry VI killed days later.  Edward IV, now victorious and restored, imprisoned Anne, widow of Edward of Westminster and no longer Princess of Wales.  Clarence took custody of Anne and her mother. Richard of Gloucester When siding with the Yorkists earlier, Warwick, in addition to marrying his older daughter, Isabel Neville, to George, Duke of Clarence, had been trying to marry his younger daughter Anne to Edward IVs youngest brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Anne and Richard were first cousins once removed, as were George and Isabel, all descended from Ralph de Neville and Joan Beaufort. (Joan was the legitimized daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and Katherine Swynford.)   Clarence tried to prevent the marriage of his wifes sister to his brother. Edward IV also opposed the marriage of Anne and Richard.  Because  Warwick had no sons, his valuable lands and titles would go to his daughters husbands at his death. Clarences motivation likely was that he didnt want to divide his wifes inheritance with his brother. Clarence attempted to take Anne in as his ward in order to control her inheritance. But under circumstances that are not fully known to history, Anne escaped Clarences control and she took sanctuary at a church in London, probably with Richards organization. It took two acts of parliament to set aside the rights of Anne Beauchamp, mother of Anne and Isabel, and a cousin, George Neville, and to divide the estate between Anne Neville and Isabel Neville. Anne, who had been widowed in May of 1471, married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, brother of Edward IV, perhaps in March or July of 1472.  He then claimed Annes inheritance.  The date of their marriage is not certain, and there is no evidence of a papal dispensation for such close relatives to marry.  A son, Edward, was born in 1473 or 1476, and a second son, who did not live long, may have been born as well. Annes sister Isabel died in 1476, shortly after her birth of a short-lived fourth child. George, Duke of Clarence, was executed in 1478 for plotting against Edward IV; Isabel had died in 1476. Anne Neville took charge of raising the children of Isabel and Clarence.  Their daughter, Margaret Pole, was executed much later, in 1541, by Henry VIII. The Young Princes Edward IV died in 1483. On his death, his minor son Edward became Edward V. But the young prince was never crowned. He was put into the charge of his uncle, Annes husband, Richard of Gloucester, as Protector. Prince Edward and, later, his younger brother were taken to the Tower of London, where they disappeared from history. Its presumed that they were killed, although its not clear when. Stories have long circulated that Richard III was responsible for the deaths of his nephews, the Princes in the Tower, to remove rival claimants for the crown. Henry VII, Richards successor, also had motive and, if the princes survived Richards reign, would have had the opportunity to have them killed. A few have pointed at Anne Neville herself as having the motivation to order the deaths. Heirs to the Throne While the princes were still being held under Richards control. Richard had his brothers marriage to Elizabeth Woodville declared invalid and his brothers children declared illegitimate on June 25, 1483, thereby inheriting the crown himself as the legitimate male heir. Anne was crowned as Queen and their son Edward was made Prince of Wales. But Edward died on April 9, 1484; Richard adopted Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of his sister, as his heir, probably at Annes request. Anne may have been unable to bear another child due to her ill health. Annes Death Anne, who reportedly was never very healthy, fell ill in early 1485 and died on March 16. Buried in Westminster Abbey, her grave was unmarked until 1960. Richard quickly named a different heir to the throne, his sister Elizabeths adult son, the Earl of Lincoln. With Annes death, Richard was rumored to be plotting to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York, to secure a stronger claim to the succession. Stories soon circulated that Richard had poisoned Anne to get her out of the way. If that was his plan, he was foiled. Richard IIIs reign ended on August 22, 1485, when he was defeated by Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry was crowned Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, bringing to an end the Wars of the Roses. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of Annes sister and Richards brother whom Richard adopted as heir, was imprisoned in the Tower of London by Richards successor, Henry VII, and executed after he attempted to escape in 1499. Annes possessions included a book of the  Visions of St. Matilda  which she had signed as Anne Warrewyk. Fictional Representations Shakespeare: In Richard III, Anne appears early in the play with the body of her father-in-law, Henry VI; she blames Richard for his death and that of her husband, the Prince of Wales, son on Henry VI. Richard charms Anne, and, though she also loathes him, she marries him. Richard early reveals that he does not intend to keep her long, and Anne is suspicious that he intends to kill her. She conveniently disappears as Richard begins a plan to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Shakespeare takes considerable creative license with history in his story of Anne. The time of the play is much compressed, and motives are likely also exaggerated or changed for literary effect. In the historical timeline, Henry VI and his son, Annes first husband, were killed in 1471; Anne married Richard in 1472; Richard III took power in 1483 soon after his brother, Edward IV, died suddenly, and Richard ruled for two years, dying in 1485. The White Queen: Anne Neville was a major character in the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which was based on the novel of the same name (2009) by Philippa Gregory. Recent fictional representation: Anne was the subject of  The Rose of York: Love War by Sandra Worth, a 2003 work of historical fiction. Another Anne Neville A much later Anne Neville (1606–1689) was a daughter of Sir Henry Neville and Lady Mary Sackville.  Her mother, a Catholic, influenced her to join the Benedictines. She was abbess at Pointoise. Sources Gregory, Phillippa. The White Queen: A Novel. New York: Touchstone, 2009.  Hicks, Michael. Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III. Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2011.  Licence, Amy. Anne Neville: Richard IIIs Tragic Queen. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2013.

20th Century Intelligence Gathering Research Paper

20th Century Intelligence Gathering - Research Paper Example They may have their own concerns about India achieving a prominent role in Asian and global matters. They will try to create problems in India in ordered to destabilize India or to slow down the progress. Under such circumstances, it is necessary for India to gather all the possible intelligences about the actions and movements of its neighboring countries in order to formulate strategies necessary to defeat the attempts made by the neighboring countries. Threats come not only from external sources. It can come from internal sources also. External forces may establish ties with the internal forces in order to create problems in a country. In other words, intelligence gathering is necessary for countering both the internal and external threats, a country may face. Intelligence gathering methods have undergone drastic changes nowadays because of the enormous technological developments. Earlier spy works were used mainly to gather the secret actions of the enemies whereas nowadays, it i s possible to break the firewalls of the enemy computers to gather information about their secret plots. Even satellites and radars were used nowadays for gathering information about the movements of the enemies. This paper briefly analyses the evolution of intelligence gathering from the 1890s until 1945 George Washington wrote: â€Å"There is nothing more necessary than good Intelligence to frustrate a designing enemy, & nothing that requires greater pains to obtain.† Benedict Arnold, an American general in the Revolutionary War, doomed himself to perpetual disgrace by secretly passing coded military intelligence to the British in 1779–1780. Between 1815 and 1914, with improved means of communication and administration, information was collected more rapidly and thoroughly and used to greater effect1 The importance of intelligence gathering was realized by the country leaders even in

Estoria de Espana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Estoria de Espana - Essay Example Hayden White said the ‘the facts might be truthfully set forth, and the interpretation of them misguided. Or conversely, a given interpretation of events might be suggestive, brilliant, perspicuous, and so on, and still not justified by the facts or square with the story related in the narrative aspect of the discourse.’(White 1987 p.28) When looked at in this light, Rolland Barthes’ statement that historical discourse is essentially a product of ideology. Estoria de Espana, a Spanish historical discourse, reflects the veracity of Barthes’ statement. Alfonso X, also known as El Sabio for the wise, became king of Leon and Castile in the year 1252 until his death in 1284. During his reign he commissioned scholars at the School of Translators to write many works of interest particularly translations of historical works, scientific data and legal cannons. He also commissioned original literary works including the Estoria de Espana which is believed to have commenced in 1260 and was not completed until after Alfonso’s death in 1289. (Weller) The first version of Estora de Espana which was completed in 1270 contained approximately four hundred chapters. The final version approved by Alfonso X contained 612 chapters. (Deyermond, 2001 pp 157-158) The work purports to represent a chronicle of Spanish history from the far reaches of Biblical times to the reign of Alfonso. (Deyermond, 2001) Interspersed in the historical chronology of events are myths as well as legends and historical sources origination from the Greeks. Be that as it may, Estoria de Espana was accepted as the history of Spain until the Modern Age.(Deyermond 2001) Despite the fact that Estoria de Espana purports to be a historical discourse, the sources used in its compilation is evidence easily supportive of Barthes’ contention that a historical discourse is a product of ideology. Even the manner and style of delivery suggest that Barthes is correct. Nancy Joe Dyer

To design, conduct and report on a marketing research project of your Essay

To design, conduct and report on a marketing research project of your choice - Essay Example This paper seeks to find out what magic formula Red Bull has, making its competitors trail in its wake as well as the approach taken by Euroshopper to brand awareness. Apart from answering the two questions, this paper shall also seek to compare the above two products based on; taste, price, energy difference and their core markets. Red Bull is synonymous with the energy drink market. It is encountered in action sport. From the Red Bull air race, to the Red Bull cliff diving championship and even the Red Bull formula 1 team. It is keen to live up to its reputation as a drink that ‘gives you Wings’. As a result, brand awareness of Red Bull is vast among its fans (Jonny n.d). The taste of Red Bull is distinct from those of other products in the energy drink market. The same way Coca Cola is distinguishable from all other ‘Colas’ in the soft drinks market. On the other hand, the taste of Euroshopper has variously been referred to as ‘bitter’ and ‘not smooth’. This scenario calls for blind folding. Blind fold testing has been dismissed by critics as belonging to the ‘blind consumer,’ but its continued usage reliability can not be ignored. It is partly down to this distinct taste that Red Bull has kept its hold of the market (Mintel Press Release, 2011 ). The way both companies approach pricing leaves a lot to be desired. Red Bull charges a premium price for its product. Its high prices are necessitated by brand association. On the contrary, Euro shopper charges much lower prices for its product, precisely a third of what an equivalent amount of Red Bull costs. This is also a reasonable step since customers are never ready to pay expensively for a new product which they are not familiar with. Red Bull is better value for money, in terms of the energy levels that its products guarantee. Euroshopper is not far behind, but still the deficit is palpable when compared to its

The Cathay Pacific Airways Information Technology Essay

The Cathay Pacific Airways Information Technology Essay This report comprises all the relevant information regarding the Cathay Pacific Airways, specially its security governance framework. It sums up four parts: background of the organization, potential areas of IT security failures, recommended IT security governance framework and lastly issues and challenges faced by that security governance framework. In the very first part, we have described about basic fundamentals like its headquarter, its fleet of airbuses, worldwide destinations and its achievement. In the 2nd section of the report are the specific areas where security failures may occur. These areas include managing core business system. Because the airways adopted the legacy systems, which is easily susceptible to security threats. Secondly it can not cope with current competent requirements. Furthermore, it being a wide infrastructure desktop PCs, the airways data flow over internet, which can be captured by any intruders or hackers. This may cause disruptions to routinely business. Its business to business (B2B) interchange of data again creates vulnerabilities in its IT infrastructure. The pervasiveness of network creates a more open set of information systems for the mobile and diverse need of the orgnaisation. This mobile arrangement may be easily attacked by internal and external sources. In the third part this report discourses on IT governance framework. This framework is the recommended one to be implemented in the organization. The structure of governance is fully r esponsible to provide control and effective management of the IT infrastructure security. In the structure each one is accountable at his own rank for the security, safety of IT assets and data protection. Lastly this report raises various issues and challenges confronting the security governance structure while managing and controlling the security of the IT infrastructure of Cathay Pacific. INTRODUCTION Today, every organization adopted or is thinking to adopt IT infrastructure. Once it is implemented, it needs security. IT assets, database and information trafficking on ubiquitous network need to be fully protected. That is why; a necessity relating to this IT infrastructure in an organization has cropped up. For safety and security, security governance has been thought of. It may comprise shareholder, board of directors, CIO, financial manager and so on. These persons are fully responsible for controlling and streamlining all the information system of the organization like Cathay pacific. This governance framework follows various new laws and regulations designed to improve the security governance. Threats to information systems disruptions from hackers, worms, viruses and terrorists have resulted in need for this governance. This report explains clearly security failures, governance framework for ICT and IT related issues and challenges. BACKGROUND OF ORGANISATION Cathay Pacific Airways is an international airline registered and based in Hong Kong, offering scheduled cargo and passenger services to over 90 destinations around the world. The main vision of this company is to make Cathay Pacific the most admired airline in the world. To Achieve this goal Cathay started its journey from 1946 and now it is known as best Airlines in Asia. It is one of the five airlines to carry a five star rating from Skytrax (Cathay Pacific 2007). The official website of Cathay Pacific is http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/homepage Cathay Pacific was established in 1946 in Hong Kong with a mere two DC-3 aircrafts servicing passenger routes for Bangkok, Shanghai, Manila and Singapore. From its humble beginnings, it has to date grown into a world class airline employing over 15,000 employees and reaching out to 62 global destinations. It owns over a hundred widebodied aircrafts that transports over a million passengers a month to almost each continent in the world (McFarland Young, 2003) and transports freight worldwide which constitutes to nearly 30% of its revenue. Profits stood at $511 million during 2002 and Cathay expanded into the state of the art $628 million global headquarters in Cathay City. Cathay continuously faced numerous challenges on its way to success. Nevertheless, its management acknowledges the fact that in order to remain competitive given the current market situation; it is of utmost importance to improve on its strategic and non strategic perspective of its entire ICT resource. Cathay Paci fic continues to invest in new ICT infrastructure to streamline its business processes and make information easier to access for all employees. As part of this process, Cathay Pacific implemented technology solutions designed to automate and simplify customer and financial information management. POTENTIAL AREAS OF IT SECURITY FAILURES Currently, many airlines are looking at e-business to protect their assets and to secure customers loyalty, and to be successful in todays competitive environment. Many e-commerce principles have been pioneered by the airline industry. These include the first business-to-business electronic information exchange and industry-wide electronic marketplace. There are many benefits to be gained for airlines and airline passengers, E-ticketing, e-Check in many internet base services provide to customer with quick and low cost services but there is still hesitation among many peoples even many companies about committing any major effort to electronic commerce. The main concern about security of sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, personal data and business confidential data (Jiang 2003). Managing Core Business System Cathay Pacific has been developing in house systems since the 70s. Some of its core business systems are accounting systems, engineering system, personnel and flight systems and other internal applications. Legacy systems are systems that have evolved over many years and are considered irreplaceable, either because re-implementing their function is considered to be too expensive or because they are trusted by users (Dietrich 1989). Business change constantly in order to meet the demands of the marketplace and this necessitates the need for information systems to evolve accordingly (McKeen Smith 1996). Over 20 years later, Cathay realized that the coordination and support of these systems was a cumbersome task that could potentially stunt the strategic growth of the company. Given its phenomenal growth rate, Cathay realized that the IM department will not be able to cope with the ever changing business requirements. Legacy passenger service systems may not be flexible and scalable en ough to support the new marketing strategies of airlines today (Cavaliere 2006). Cathay needed a technology that keeps costs down and is flexible whilst at the same time delivers on both todays needs and those of the future. Customizing current legacy systems to match these current competitive requirements just consumed too much time and resources. Mckeen and Smith (1996) further argues that since change is a constant in business and in technology, demand for maintenance is un-easing and since existing systems are the ones operating the business, maintenance work can easily overwhelm new development. Managing network infrastructure desktop PCs. Infrastructure plays an important role in ensuring vital support is supplied to systems development teams and that effective coordination and direction is available to IS as a whole (McKeen Smith 1996). Cathays rapid expansion to new destinations and tremendous surge in route expansion, passenger and cargo volume in the 80s caused Cathays network infrastructures to continue to expand. Without infrastructure, productivity will soon decline as individuals and groups each attempted to replicate the work of others. Cathays data center which coordinated fundamental airline operations was placed in two locations in Kowloon and on Hong Kong Island. These data centers provided uninterrupted information to Cathays airline operations. The fire in 1991 on Cathays data center interrupted flight operations for 12 hours. Cathays management realized the importance of ensuring uninterrupted information flow to critical business functions is top priority for the organization. IT infrastructure and f acilities need grow in tandem with the organizations growth pace. Almost full at its operational capacity at its current data center, Cathay probably needed a few more data centers to manage the organizations information at current growth rate. Mid 90s saw an uneven PC distribution at Cathay Pacific. PC distribution to staff members depended on each staff members level of security access. This caused some of the staff to have a PC while other did not. This uneven distribution was finally rectified by Cathays outsourcing its PC management to IBM in 2001. The costs involved in outsourcing these services means that more scrupulous attention will be paid to their value on an ongoing basis. Nevertheless, the outsourcing exercise posed its own complexity involving hardware and software licensing issue. Managing dynamic changes in desktop environment and the suppliers was the main challenge in the desktop PC management for Cathay. The PC outsourcing trend was still new in this region thus raised skepticism among managers in the initial stage. Managing B2B system integration In a broad sense, Business to business (B2B) integration refers to all business activities of an enterprise that have to do with electronic messages exchange between it and one or more of its trading partners (Bussler 2003). Bussler further narrows down this definition in a software technologys scope that B2B integration refers to software technology that is the infrastructure to connect any back end applications system within enterprises to all trading partners over formal message exchange protocols like the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Cathay is naturally in a highly competitive and challenging airline business. Fundamental flight operational information can be very dynamic and customers must be kept updated with the latest information. Information, fares and schedules have to be accurate; sales promotions and marketing activities are constantly changing. Flight operations are vulnerable to any changes in weather which may cause last minute schedule changes or cancellations. With the wide array of multiple destinations, languages, time zones and alerting travelers, an airline business is constantly a logistical operations challenge to any Cathay. These information need to be translated into online web content in order to fulfill its B2B requirement. Information has to be accurate, the selling channel has to be reliable and secure, changes have to be updated quickly and last minute flight disruptions have to be communicated to passengers immediately and consistently through a number of different channels. Such an e-business vision has required a sophisticated architecture of specialist platforms designed to integrate and deliver a number of different information and application components in a seamless manner. Content management is one of the core components in Cathay Pacifics e-business architecture. It was vital for the airline to ensure that it invested in the right product that could deliver its promise within budget and on time. Managing Standards As the pervasiveness of network create a more open set of information systems for the mobile and diverse need of the organization, increased attention must be paid to the corresponding increase in exposure to attacks from internal and external sources (Dhillon, 2001). Cathay uses Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol as an industry standard for encryption over the Internet, to protect the Data. Cathays main challenge to date is not being able to convince its partners and customers with confidence that despite with the most recent security standards, any internet transaction could be leaked out by individuals through internet hacking. This is acknowledged in its website claim which says that complete confidentiality and security is not yet possible over the Internet, and privacy cannot be assured over all its internet communication between the business and its customers (Cathay Pacific 2007). Cathay pacific in ensuring reliable B2B applications has to ensure that the latest standards su ch as XML and open source technology are used extensively in all its software applications critical to business. Digital certification for all online transactions especially the ones that involve monetary exchange is imperative in ensuring customer confidence and to avert security breach. RECOMMENDED IT SECURITY GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK There are many definitions that describe the ICT Corporate Governance. Here I choose a few interesting definitions to be discussed in this report. Corporate Governance of ICT is Specifying the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT. (Weil Ross, 2004) In contrast, the IT Governance Institute, 2003 expands the definition to include underpinning mechanisms: the leadership and organizational structures and processes that ensure that the organisations IT sustains and extends the organisations strategies and objectives. While AS8015, the Australian Standard for Corporate Governance of IT, defines Corporate Governance of IT as The system by which the current and future use of IT is directed and controlled. It involves evaluating and directing the plans for the use of IT to support the organization and monitoring this use to achieve plans. It includes the strategy and policies for using IT within an organization. Figure 1 AS 8015 2005 model of Corporate Governance of ICT (Source: Skinner, 2006) Every definition has its own way of describing the term Corporate Governance of IT but I think the definition of the AS8015, the Australian Standard for Corporate Governance of IT is the most understandable and clearly defined (see figure 1). AS8015 clarified whats really important the organisations goal (Toomey, 2006). However we can notice that every definition focuses on the same issues which is directing and controlling the implementation of IT according to the organisations strategy and policies. This involves the contribution in decision making of every stakeholder of the organization. As we can see that the IT Governance Institute has also stated the word Leadership, which stands for the principal of the organization, the board of directors and the management team, who must manage the efficient use of IT to achieve the strategies and objectives. Unlike old time which the IT system is managed alone by the IT department. Talking about the IT Management people may usually mix it up with the IT Governance. They are not the same thing. Governance is the process by which management is monitored and measured. It is not a substitute for management it is a way of ensuring that sound management occurs (Philipson, 2005). There are many key drivers for Corporate Governance of IT. Here in this report I will focus on the legal and regulatory compliances which will be discussed in the next part of the report. IT Governance Framework of Cathay Pacific Information security governance is the responsibility of the board of directors and senior executives. It must be an integral and transparent part of enterprise governance and be aligned with the IT governance framework. Whilst senior executives have the responsibility to consider and respond to the concerns and sensitivities raised by information security, boards of directors will increasingly be expected to make information security an intrinsic part of governance, integrated with processes they already have in place to govern other critical organisational resources. To exercise effective enterprise and information security governance, boards and senior executives must have a clear understanding of what to expect from their enterprises information security program. They need to know how to direct the implementation of information security program, how to evaluate their own status with regard to an existing security program and how to decide the strategy and objectives of an effecti ve security program. Whilst there are many aspects to information security governance, there are several matters that can assist in focusing on the question, What is information security governance? These are the: Desired outcomes of information security governance Knowledge and protection of information assets Benefits of information security governance Process integration (IT Governance Institute 2006) Figure 2: IT Security Governance Framework of Cathay Pacific (Source: Poore 2005) Information security governance consists of the leadership, organisational structures and processes that safeguard information. Critical to the success of these structures and processes is effective communication amongst all parties based on constructive relationships, a common language and shared commitment to addressing the issues. The five basic outcomes of information security governance should include: 1. Strategic alignment of information security with business strategy to support organisational objectives 2. Risk management by executing appropriate measures to manage and mitigate risks and reduce potential impacts on information resources to an acceptable level 3. Resource management by utilising information security knowledge and infrastructure efficiently and effectively 4. Performance measurement by measuring, monitoring and reporting information security governance metrics to ensure that organisational objectives are achieved 5. Value delivery by optimising information security investments in support of organisational objectives The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD), the leading membership organisation for boards and directors in the US, recognises the importance of information security. It recommends four essential practices for boards of directors, as well as several specific practices for each point. The four practices, which are based on the practicalities of how boards operate, are: Place information security on the boards agenda. Identify information security leaders, hold them accountable and ensure support for them. Ensure the effectiveness of the corporations information security policy through review and approval. Assign information security to a key committee and ensure adequate support for that committee (IT Governance Institute 2006). Benefits of Information Security Governance Information security governance generates significant benefits, including: An increase in share value for organisations that practice good governance Increased predictability and reduced uncertainty of business operations by lowering information security-related risks to definable and acceptable levels Protection from the increasing potential for civil or legal liability as a result of information inaccuracy or the absence of due care The structure and framework to optimise allocation of limited security resources Assurance of effective information security policy and policy compliance A firm foundation for efficient and effective risk management, process improvement, and rapid incident response related to securing information A level of assurance that critical decisions are not based on faulty information Accountability for safeguarding information during critical business activities, such as mergers and acquisitions, business process recovery, and regulatory response The benefits add significant value to the organisation by: Improving trust in customer relationships Protecting the organisations reputation Decreasing likelihood of violations of privacy Providing greater confidence when interacting with trading partners Enabling new and better ways to process electronic transactions Reducing operational costs by providing predictable outcomes-mitigating risk factors that may interrupt the process (IT Governance Institute 2006). ISSUES AND CHALLENGES In the ICT world today, not every organisation will be able to achieve success or reap its benefits. Too many ICT initiatives have failed to deliver the bottom-line results companies had hoped for. One very common reason of failure is that the organizations fail to have a good management and controlled of their IT system. The Data Governance Council, with a focus on the review and approval aspects of board responsibilities, recently recommended that boards provide strategic oversight regarding information security, including: 1. Understanding the criticality of information and information security to the organisation 2. Reviewing investment in information security for alignment with the organisation strategy and risk profile 3. Endorsing the development and implementation of a comprehensive information security program. Lets discuss about major issues and challenges that faced by Cathay pacific, implementing an IT Security Governance framework. Boards and management have several fundamental responsibilities to ensure that information security governance is in force. Amongst the issues they should focus on are: Understand Why Information Security Needs to Be Governed Risks and threats are real and could have significant impact on the enterprise. Reputation damage can be considerable. Effective information security requires co-ordinate and integrated action from the top down. IT investments can be substantial and easily misdirected. Cultural and organisational factors are equally important. Rules and priorities need to be established and enforced. Trust needs to be demonstrated toward trading partners whilst exchanging electronic transactions. Trust in reliability of system security needs to be demonstrated to all stakeholders. Security incidents are likely to be exposed to the public. Take Board-level Action Become informed about information security. Set direction, i.e., drive policy and strategy and define a global risk profile. Provide resources to information security efforts. Assign responsibilities to management. Set priorities. Support change. Define cultural values related to risk awareness. Obtain assurance from internal or external auditors. Insist that management makes security investments and security improvements measurable, and monitors and reports on program effectiveness (IT Governance Institute 2006). Take Senior Management-level Action Provide oversight for the development of a security and control framework that consists of standards, measures, practices and procedures, after a policy has been approved by the governing body of the organisation and related roles and responsibilities assigned. (Design) Set direction for the creation of a security policy, with business input. (Policy Development) Ensure that individual roles, responsibilities and authority are clearly communicated and understood by all. (Roles and Responsibilities) Require that threats and vulnerabilities be identified, analysed and monitored, and industry practices used for due care. Require the set-up of a security infrastructure. Set direction to ensure that resources are available to allow for prioritization of possible controls and countermeasures implement accordingly on a timely basis, and maintained effectively. (Implementation) Establish monitoring measures to detect and ensure correction of security breaches, so all actual and suspected breaches are promptly identified, investigated and acted upon, and to ensure ongoing compliance with policy, standards and minimum acceptable security practices. (Monitoring) Require that periodic reviews and tests be conducted. Institute processes that will help implement intrusion detection and incident response. Require monitoring and metrics to ensure that information is protected, correct skills are on hand to operate information systems securely and security incidents are responded to on a timely basis. Education in security measures and practices is of critical importance for the success of an organisations security program. (Awareness, Training and Education) Ensure that security is considered an integral part of the systems development life cycle process and is explicitly addressed during each phase of the process. (IT Governance Institute 2006) Questions to Uncover Information Security Issues Does the head of security/CISO routinely meet or brief business management? When was the last time top management got involved in security-related decisions? How often does top management get involved in progressing security solutions? Does management know who is responsible for security? Does the responsible individual know? Does everyone else know? Would people recognise a security incident when they saw one? Would they ignore it? Would they know what to do about it? Does anyone know how many computers the company owns? Would management know if some went missing? Are damage assessment and disaster recovery plans in place? Has management identified all information (customer data, strategic plans, financial data, research results, etc.) that would violate policy, legal or regulatory requirements or cause embarrassment or competitive disadvantage if it were leaked? Did the company suffer from the latest virus or malware attack? How many attacks were successful during the past 12-month period? Have there been intrusions? How often and with what impact? Does anyone know how many people are using the organisations systems? Does anyone care whether or not they are allowed access, or what they are doing? Is security considered an afterthought or a prerequisite? (IT Governance Institute 2006) CONCLUSIONS Information security is not only a technical issue, but a business and governance challenge that involves adequate risk management, reporting and accountability. Effective security requires the active involvement of executives to assess emerging threats and the organisations response to them. As organisations like Cathay pacific, strive to remain competitive in the global economy, they respond to constant pressures to cut costs through automation, which often requires deploying more information systems. The combination is forcing management to face difficult decisions about how to effectively address information security. This is in addition to scores of new and existing laws and regulations that demand compliance and higher levels of accountability.

Manipulation of Youth by Dictators :: essays papers

Manipulation of Youth by Dictators Influencing people at a young age is one tactic used by Hitler in Nazi Germany and by Big Brother in 1984 to keep the future of their nations devoted. This tactic is made evident in Nazi Germany and in 1984 by the youth organizations set up by both dictators’. These organizations make their youth feel like they are involved. Both Hitler and Big Brother have ways to brainwash the youth into following. The Spies in 1984 and the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany grow up living the way that their dictator had set up and for the rest of their lives they will be faithful and devoted; it’s the only way that they know. These tactics are especially cruel because the youth have no way of knowing what’s going to happen, it just seems like the right thing to do at the time. The reason Hitler and Big Brother’s manipulation of the youth is so intriguing is because it is purely elementary. From the time that children are born they look up to older kids so it’s not surprising when the youth of a nation looked to their elders to gain direction. In Nazi Germany Hitler was emerging as the dominant figure so naturally the youth looked up and wanted to be a part of his organizations. The Hitler Youth was a well-run organization built on discipline and loyalty. After the children were enrolled in the Hitler Youth, members were given a uniform, which may have been their first. Immediately they respond with a feeling of importance; they are now associated with Hitler and the Nazi Party, the most influential group in all of Germany. â€Å"They were children, thirteen and fourteen years old, tiny undernourished boys who remembered no other government than his and who still trusted and believed.† As the group grew larger, it became more prestigious and powerful. The same is true for the Spies in 1984. These children’s whole lives are directed towards remaini ng loyal to Big Brother. Their elders worship him and the children follow. As soon as they put on the blue shorts, grey shirt and red hanker chief of the Spies it gives them a feeling of importance in the society they are living in; this is similar to Nazi Germany. At the time, the children think they are doing the right thing, but eventually they will be so brainwashed by Big Brother that they will no longer be able to think for themselves, whether his decisions are positive or negative will no longer matter.

Procurement Ethics Practices Essay

All persons in society, whether in private or public sector, product or services industry are concerned with ethics, Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good or bad and moral duty and obligation. Thus personal ethics has been referred to as the rules by which an individual lives his/her personal life. Business ethics is concerned with truth, fairness and justice and accounting ethics pertains to the code that guides the professional conduct of aspects such as the expectation of society and customers, social responsibility, consumer autonomy and corporate behavior in the home country as well as abroad (koontz et al 1994) Business ethics has become a well recognized aspect of managing firms today . Due to an increasing interest of ,many are nowadays concerned about values like integrity and honesty and developing ethical codes to foster responsible behavior of their employees. Ethically therefore, managers must produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people in these days of pervasive globalization of business. Manager should recognize that customers and all other stakeholders of their companies have aright to quality products and services, to meet their existing and emerging needs, at affordable prices, all times, and should be guided by fairness and equity, as well as imparity. Managers must institutionalize ethics in their decisions and daily activities thus applying integrity and integrating ethical concepts with daily actions. This can be achieved by: Establishing an appropriate company policy or code of ethics, so as to institutionalize ethics, sin organizational behavior both at management and board of director’s level, using a formally established ethics committee, teaching ethics to employees. It has been established that ethical standard vary from society to society and from country to country and should therefore be taught to ensure uniformity in understanding and applicability across the world, particularly in these days of increasing and pervasive globalization. In procurement office or department the following ethics should be followed for better running of the organization. All officers who are in charge must follow some ethics for good purchasing and supplying, this will include: Honesty: People who procure on behalf of organizations cannot afford to give anyone cause to believe that their procurement behavior is not completely ethical. Spending millions of shillings for their organizations, they are exposed to temptations that most of their colleagues face. Therefore, they have to be honest when procuring goods on behalf of the organization. Enhancing Integrity :Procurement officials should never use their authority or office for personal gain and shall seek to enhance their integrity by: maintaining unimpeachable standards of integrity in all business relationship both inside and outside the organizations in which they are employee, fostering the highest possible standards of professional competence amongst those for whom they are responsible, optimizing the use of resources for which they are responsible to provide the maximum benefit to their employing organization. Conflicts of Interest: When dealing with suppliers potential conflicts of interest can sometimes arise. Instances where relatives or friends are employed by the supplier company should be notified to the Service Unit Manager. This will not prevent the Council trading with the supplier though the Council may arrange for the procurement to be handled by another officer. In instances where Members or former employees are potential suppliers it is important that they do not receive or expect to receive special consideration. If their inside knowledge appears to give them an unfair competitive advantage it may be desirable to take steps to ensure fair competition amongst all suppliers. Rewards to employees: Members and officers should avoid as far as possible dealing with our suppliers in their private affairs, particularly if this is likely to put them under some obligation to the supplier. Where such arrangements are unavoidable it is essential that they ensure that they are not offered any sort of deal which is not commonly available and which could be construed as a reward for actions taken in the course of the employment. Principles of Professional : Seeks or accepts a position as head or employee only when fully in accord with the professional principles applicable thereto, and when confident of possessing the qualifications to serve under those principles to the advantage of the employing organization, believes in the dignity and worth of the services rendered by the organization and the societal responsibilities assumed as a trusted public servant, so that organization is governed by the highest ideals of honor and integrity in all public and personal relationships in order to merit the respect and inspire the confidence of the organization and the public being served. Confidentiality and Accuracy of Information: The confidentiality of information received in the course of duty should be respected and should never be used for personal gain; information given in the course of duty should be true and fair and never designed to mislead hence making personal profit obtained through misuse of public or personal relationships is dishonest and not tolerable. Business gifts: Business gifts, other than items of very small value such as business diaries, calendars, should not be accepted, members of the staff should at no time or under any circumstances accept directly or indirectly, gifts, gratuities, or other things of value from suppliers which might influence or appear to influence purchasing decisions. Hospitality: Modest hospitality is an acceptable courtesy at a business relationship. However, the recipient shall not allow himself to reach a position whereby he might be deemed by others to have been influenced, in making a business decision as a consequence of accepting such hospitality. The frequency and scale of hospitality accepted shall not be significantly greater than the recipient’s employer would be likely to provide in return. Proper communication: Keeps the governmental organization informed, through appropriate channels, on problems and progress of applicable operations by emphasizing the importance of the facts. In case of any information which is unclear so be discussed with relevant officer without making uninformed decisions which may cost the organization. Proper control of personnel: Resists encroachment on control of personnel in order to preserve integrity as a professional manager, handles all personnel matters on a merit basis. Politics, religion, ethnicity, gender, and age carry no weight in personnel administration in the agency being directed or served. Disciplinary Action: Seeks or dispenses no personal favors, handles each administrative problem objectively and emphatically without discrimination. Any mistake committed should be dealt with without favor and the correct measure should be applied. Purchasing and supply procedure: Officers shall always seek to uphold and enhance the standing of the Purchasing and Supply profession and will always act professionally and selflessly by: maintaining the highest possible standard of integrity in all their business relationships both inside and outside the organizations where they work, rejecting any business practice which might reasonably be deemed improper and never using their authority for personal gain, enhancing the proficiency and stature of the profession by acquiring and maintaining current technical knowledge and the highest standards of ethical behavior; fostering the highest possible standards of professional competence amongst those for whom they are responsible. Competition – The nature and length of contracts and business relationships with suppliers can vary according to circumstances. These should always be constructed to ensure deliverables and benefits. Arrangements which might in the long term prevent the effective operation of fair competition should be avoided. Conclusion Managerial and appropriate ethical behavior is central to the success and effectiveness of organization anywhere in the world today. Business are so interconnected ,in terms of products and information flows, that ethical behavior in one country or in one part of the globe has an immediate impact in other countries or parts of the globe. Consequently, attempts should be made by governments and business leaders to incorporate standard management practices in their operations to enhance the efficiency of these flows. Ethical standards and codes are in this process because of the globalization of e- world business today. There is an urgent need to develop and adopt international ethical standard and codes to guide and regulate managers, globally, in running their organization effectively. These codes should include corporate governance and social responsibility practices. Reference: 1) Codes of Professional Responsibility– by Rena A. Gorlin – 1149 pg 2) Management Reform – by DIANE Publishing Company – 539 pg 3) News line KASNEB (July-sep2004) 4) Koontz et al management (1994)

Haitian Women in History essays

Haitian Women in History essays Women in Haiti have been for a long time silenced. Their heroic acts during slavery and for the independence of Haiti have not been acknowledged. The women of Haiti have been and still are making a huge impact on society and on how their state is constructed. They have long fought for their right and created women's movements. Their bodies were controlled and violated. Rape and torture was use as a way to intimidate the women and also to make them pay for action made by people other than them. My paper will analyse the way women where portrayed and the important role these Haitian women played, especially during and after the Duvalierist regime. I will talk about the way in which they where reduced to inferior in their status and also about the violence that they were subject to, paying a particular attention to the rape of women. I will also take a look at the emergence of the many women's movements in Haiti and the ones started by Haitians in Canada or the United States. Finally I will look at women writers and their role. My attention will be focus on two novels by Edwidge Danticat: Krik? Krak? and Breath, Eyes, Memory. This paper will try to show how women reclaimed their identity and their right to all be different. Women in Haiti have always played an important role in its history. They fiercely fought along side with men to free Haiti and stop slavery. However, even after they had won the battle for independence, women were still seen as inferior and all their efforts, forgotten. President Dessalines' Independence Constitution of 1805 provided in article 9 that "no one I worthy of being a Haitian if he is not a good father, a good son, a good husband, and above all, a good soldier#. Here we see how women were not seen as worthy of being a Haitian. They are from the beginning inferiorised by men. This belief of the inferiority of women remained. Their place was associated whit home and domestic chores. They were seen as ...

Cameron Auto Parts Essays

Cameron Auto Parts Essays Cameron Auto Parts Essay Cameron Auto Parts Essay 1. Do you agree with Cameron’s decision to grant McTaggart a license? Do you agree with the way Alex went about it? What other options were available to Cameron? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? The business potential of flexible coupling was evident to Alex. The salespeople were looking for 35$-40$ million during 2004. He realized that the plant cant hold both lines (OEM and flexible coupling). The costs of expansion were too high and required many of the companys resources. The companys cash flow couldnt support a plant expansion. The flexible coupling industry is different than the auto industry. Every dollar of flexible coupling sales requires an investment in inventory and receivables of about 30 cents. Furthermore, in the flexible coupling industry you have to manufacture to inventory, as a result you dont see revenue right away. Alex saw the potential in the European market; however he didnt know the foreign market that well. Exporting to the European market meant that the European costumer pays about 20 percent more (because of taxes, insurance etc). An opportunity to penetrate the European market was offered to him in his visit to Scotland. By granting McTaggart a license, Alex ensured a quick, almost risk-free penetration to the U. K market. Along with the advantages of licensing, granting license to McTaggart, means sharing not only profits, but the unique knowledge, which is Cameron’s intellectual property. Considering the companys financial situation, the costs and risks of penetrating to new market, I think Alex did the right thing in granting McTaggart a license. Although it was a good opportunity, I believe he didnt handle that appropriately. He signed the contract with McTaggart without consulting with his financial, operational and legal advisers. He didnt fully take under consideration all other options before closing the deal. A comparison between his options: | Advantages| Disadvantages| Exporting| * Economies of scale in the long run * Independence * quality control through own responsibility| * Lack of capacity * Currency risks * High Investments * No specific market knowledge * Transport risks * Trade barriers| Licensing| * Quick market entry * Low investment costs * Reduced financial risk * Economies of scope| * No control over local business * Risk of image loss * Communication gaps * Loss of flexibility (because of the commitment to he licensee) * Shared profits| New plant| * Keeping the IP – low risk of knowledge leeks * High margins| * High initial investment (building the new plat)| Joint Venture| * Benefit from local partner’s knowledge. * Shared costs/risks with partner. * More profitable than royalty| * Less profitable than producing in house * Risk giving control of technology to partner. * Shared ownership can lead to conflict. | 2. Was McTaggart a good choice for a licensee? What should Alex have done upon hearing Sandys offer for a licensing agreement? According to exhibit 3, I think McTaggart was a good choice for a licensee. It was an old and stable company with excellent credit record. It had vast market coverage in 3 continents. This widespread and stability is important when picking a licensee, in order to penetrate new markets. Furthermore, the license to McTaggart was given to 5 years only, not a long term commitment. In that period Cameron can learn about the European market and improve its cash flow, and by the end of that period can decide whether to continue with the licensing or go on its own. . Was the royalty rate reasonable? What does reasonable mean? (Hint: Based on what you know about Cameron’s outlays for developing the product how much does Cameron need to recoup over what period? Cameron expects that $12 million in assets will generate $30 million in flexible coupling sales and a profit of $5 million. ) According to exhibit 1: Assets: $12M Profit: $5M Assuming that the debit interest is 7% and the licensi ng will last 5 years. According to NPV – there is profit of ~7. 9M$, which is IRR = 30%. As shown in the table below, 3% royalty out of sales makes 9. 1% out of profits: The 25% Rule suggests that a licensor should receive 25% of the extra profit derived from the licensees use of the licensed technology. According to that, 9. 1% licensors share of the profit is too low. In order to get the 25% of the extra profit the royalty should be around 10%, according to the table below: Conclusion: Current royalty of 3% 2% is too low. 4. What conflicts do you foresee in the relationship between Cameron and McTaggart assuming that sales in Europe will increase? How can the two partners address these potential conflicts at this point? Should they? Assuming the sales in Europe will increase, each company may come the conclusion that it is better off on its own than to be restricted to the contract. After a short while, Camerons managers may think that they know everything there is to know about the European market, and may seek other partners or even try operate on its own. Furthermore, as mentioned in question 3, the royalty rate of Cameron from the agreement is lower than it should be. As a result I think the company will surely try to find a way to increase its royalty rate or cancel the agreement. I think both companies should establish a JV or some sort of an alliance, using Camerons product and McTaggarts capabilities in the European market. This will be a win-win situation for both companies: Cameron will get more significant part of the profits and won’t be frighten by McTaggart’s exclusivity. McTaggart, on the other hand, although it will split the profits, will grow and penetrate outside the U. K. boarders to other European countries.